Palmer Tim
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
Entropy (Basel). 2020 Feb 29;22(3):281. doi: 10.3390/e22030281.
It is proposed that both human creativity and human consciousness are (unintended) consequences of the human brain's extraordinary energy efficiency. The topics of creativity and consciousness are treated separately, though have a common sub-structure. It is argued that creativity arises from a synergy between two cognitive modes of the human brain (which broadly coincide with Kahneman's Systems 1 and 2). In the first, available energy is spread across a relatively large network of neurons, many of which are small enough to be susceptible to thermal (ultimately quantum decoherent) noise. In the second, available energy is focussed on a smaller subset of larger neurons whose action is deterministic. Possible implications for creative computing in silicon are discussed. Starting with a discussion of the concept of free will, the notion of consciousness is defined in terms of an awareness of what are perceived to be nearby counterfactual worlds in state space. It is argued that such awareness arises from an interplay between memories on the one hand, and quantum physical mechanisms (where, unlike in classical physics, nearby counterfactual worlds play an indispensable dynamical role) in the ion channels of neural networks, on the other. As with the brain's susceptibility to noise, it is argued that in situations where quantum physics plays a role in the brain, it does so for reasons of energy efficiency. As an illustration of this definition of consciousness, a novel proposal is outlined as to why quantum entanglement appears to be so counter-intuitive.
有人提出,人类创造力和人类意识都是人类大脑非凡能量效率的(非预期)结果。创造力和意识这两个主题虽有共同的子结构,但分开论述。有人认为,创造力源于人类大脑两种认知模式之间的协同作用(大致与卡尼曼的系统1和系统2相符)。第一种模式下,可用能量分布在相对较大的神经元网络中,其中许多神经元足够小,容易受到热(最终是量子退相干)噪声的影响。第二种模式下,可用能量集中在较大神经元的较小子集中,其行为是确定性的。文中讨论了其对硅基创意计算的可能影响。从对自由意志概念的讨论开始,意识的概念被定义为对状态空间中被认为是附近反事实世界的一种觉知。有人认为,这种觉知一方面源于记忆之间的相互作用,另一方面源于神经网络离子通道中的量子物理机制(与经典物理学不同,附近的反事实世界在其中起着不可或缺的动力学作用)。与大脑对噪声的敏感性一样,有人认为,在量子物理在大脑中起作用的情况下,其作用是出于能量效率的原因。作为对这种意识定义的一个例证,文中概述了一个关于量子纠缠为何如此违反直觉的新提议。