Department of Cerebrovascular Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang050024, China.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2020 Dec;21(2):122-130. doi: 10.1017/S1466252320000158. Epub 2020 Dec 9.
Anthropogenic activities can lead to several devastating effects on the environment. The pollutants, which include the discharge of effluents, runoffs in the form of different lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, can harm exposed fauna and flora. The aquatic environment is the ultimate destination for many pollutants which negatively affect aquatic biodiversity and even can cause a species to become extinct. A pollutant can directly affect the behavior of an animal, disrupt cellular systems, and impair the immune system. This harm can be reduced and even mitigated by adopting proper approaches for the conservation of the target biota. Among aquatic organisms, cetaceans, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise, Irrawaddy dolphin, Ganges River dolphin, Amazon River dolphin, and Indus River dolphin, are at a higher risk of extinction because of lack of knowledge and research, and thus insufficient information with respect to their conservation status, management, and policies. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mass mortalities of cetaceans. This article reviews the limited research reported on stress and pneumonia induced by pollution, stress-induced pneumonia and immunosuppression, pneumonia-caused mass mortalities of aquatic mammals, and vaccination in wildlife with a specific focus on aquatic mammals, the role of genomics in vaccine development and vaccination, and the major challenges in vaccine development for biodiversity conservation.
人为活动会对环境造成多种毁灭性影响。污染物包括废水排放、以不同致死和亚致死浓度的农药、重金属和其他污染物形式的径流，会对暴露的动植物造成伤害。水生环境是许多污染物的最终归宿，这些污染物会对水生生物多样性产生负面影响，甚至导致物种灭绝。污染物可以直接影响动物的行为、破坏细胞系统并损害免疫系统。通过采取适当的保护目标生物群的方法，可以减少甚至缓解这种伤害。在水生生物中，由于缺乏知识和研究，以及有关其保护状况、管理和政策的信息不足，长江江豚、伊洛瓦底江豚、恒河豚、亚马逊河豚和印度河豚等鲸类动物面临更高的灭绝风险。肺炎是导致鲸类动物大量死亡的主要原因之一。本文回顾了有关污染引起的应激和肺炎、应激引起的肺炎和免疫抑制、肺炎导致的水生哺乳动物大量死亡以及野生动物疫苗接种的有限研究，特别关注水生哺乳动物、基因组学在疫苗开发和疫苗接种中的作用，以及疫苗开发在生物多样性保护方面的主要挑战。
