Flavometrix Limited, Loughborough, UK.
Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020 Nov;19(6):3439-3475. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12633. Epub 2020 Sep 18.
The intention to send a crewed mission to Mars involves a huge amount of planning to ensure a safe and successful mission. Providing adequate amounts of food for the crew is a major task, but 20 years of feeding astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have resulted in a good knowledge base. A crucial observation from the ISS is that astronauts typically consume only 80% of their daily calorie requirements when in space. This is despite daily exercise regimes that keep energy usage at very similar levels to those found on Earth. This calorie deficit seems to have little effect on astronauts who spend up to 12 months on the ISS, but given that a mission to Mars would take 30 to 36 months to complete, there is concern that a calorie deficit over this period may lead to adverse effects in crew members. The key question is why astronauts undereat when they have a supply of food designed to fully deliver their nutritional needs. This review focuses on evidence from astronauts that foods taste different in space, compared to on Earth. The underlying hypothesis is that conditions in space may change the perceived flavor of the food, and this flavor change may, in turn, lead to underconsumption by astronauts. The key areas investigated in this review for their potential impact on food intake are the effects of food shelf life, physiological changes, noise, air and water quality on the perception of food flavor, as well as the link between food flavor and food intake.
将载人任务送往火星需要进行大量的规划，以确保任务的安全和成功。为机组人员提供足够的食物是一项主要任务，但在国际空间站 (ISS) 上为宇航员提供 20 年的食物已经积累了很好的知识基础。从 ISS 上得到的一个关键观察结果是，宇航员在太空中通常只消耗其日常卡路里需求的 80%。尽管每天的运动计划使能量消耗与地球上的水平非常相似，但仍出现了这种卡路里不足的情况。这种热量不足对在 ISS 上花费长达 12 个月的宇航员似乎没有影响，但考虑到火星任务需要 30 到 36 个月才能完成，人们担心在这段时间内热量不足可能会对机组人员产生不利影响。关键问题是，为什么当宇航员有供应的食物设计为完全满足他们的营养需求时，他们还会吃得不够。这篇综述重点关注了来自宇航员的证据，即与地球上相比，食物在太空中的味道不同。其潜在假设是，太空中的条件可能会改变食物的感知味道，而这种味道的变化反过来可能导致宇航员摄入不足。在这篇综述中，研究人员调查了可能影响食物摄入的关键领域，包括食物保质期、生理变化、噪音、空气和水质对食物味道的感知的影响，以及食物味道和食物摄入之间的联系。
