Simultaneous immobilization of multi-metals in a field contaminated acidic soil using carboxymethyl-cellulose-bridged nano-chlorapatite and calcium oxide.

We prepared and tested carboxymethyl-cellulose-bridged nano-chlorapatite (CMC-CAP) for simultaneous immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in a field-contaminated acidic soil. Amending the field-contaminated soil using 0.5 wt.% CMC-CAP and 0.1 wt.% CaO was most effective in immobilizing the four metals, which decreased the leachabilities by 98.2%, 98.3%, 96.3%, and 96.2% for Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, respectively, after 1 day of treatment. The acid-leached metals fluctuated in the first 60 days, and then approached to steady state after 180 days, where the acid-leachable concentrations all met the regulation levels, and the immobilization was further consolidated when further aged for 365 days. Column elution tests showed that the soil amendment lowered the peak metal concentrations by > 92.5%, and the total eluted masses by >71.9%. Sequential extraction revealed that the soil amendment converted the exchangeable fractions to the much less available Fe-Mn oxides bound and residual forms, and thus, lowered the risk levels to "low risk" for all the metals. The immobilization of the metals was facilitated through formation of stable metal (chloro)phosphates, surface complexation, and/or ion exchange reactions. Combined CMC-CAP and CaO may serve as an effective formulation for simultaneous and long-term immobilization of multiple heavy metals in acidic soil.