CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Department of Sports and Health, Comprehensive Health Research Centre, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Feb;22(2):160-170. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1867649. Epub 2021 Feb 8.
Combining Constraint-led (ecological) and Step-Game (constructivist) approaches through an Action-Research (AR) design conducted throughout a competitive volleyball season, this study aimed to: (i) analyse the impact of increased tactical complexity on lateral and longitudinal collective Synchronisation Tendencies (ST) during defensive and offensive counterattack-subphases, and (ii) examine how opposition attacking contexts (i.e. playing in -system or -system) might influence ST throughout each counterattack-subphase. Performance of a youth team, comprised of 15 players, was studied across three AR-cycles. The team's competitive performance was analysed through three competitive matches (one per cycle). Team ST were evaluated using the cluster-phase method and a 3 (matches) × 2 (counterattack-subphases) × 2 (opposition attacking contexts) × 2 (court directions) repeated-measures ANOVA were used to calculate the differences in cluster-amplitude mean values. Results showed that increments in tactical complexity (second AR-cycle) were followed by decreases in collective ST, which were (re)achieved during the third AR-cycle, possibly due to the ecological-constructivist coaching intervention. Our findings imply that coaches could design representative and specific-didactical learning environments, predicated on a team's tactical needs and strategical ideas from a game-plan, framing player intentionality. Results also support the use of questioning strategies to narrow players' attentional focus, stimulating perceptual attunement to relevant constraints emerging in performance. Finally, the insider AR-design provided valuable contextualised insights on coaching interventions for developing collective coordinative structures.
通过在一个竞争排球赛季中进行的行动研究（AR）设计，结合约束引导（生态）和步骤游戏（建构主义）方法，本研究旨在：（i）分析战术复杂性增加对防守和进攻反击亚阶段横向和纵向集体同步倾向（ST）的影响，以及（ii）检查在每个反击亚阶段中，对抗攻击情境（即在系统内或系统外比赛）如何影响 ST。对一个由 15 名球员组成的青年队进行了三个 AR 周期的研究。通过三场 AR 循环的比赛，对球队的比赛表现进行了分析。使用聚类相位法评估球队的 ST，使用 3（比赛）×2（反击亚阶段）×2（对抗攻击情境）×2（场地方向）重复测量方差分析来计算聚类幅度平均值的差异。结果表明，战术复杂性的增加（第二个 AR 周期）伴随着集体 ST 的下降，而在第三个 AR 周期中，集体 ST 得到了恢复，这可能是由于生态建构主义教练干预的结果。我们的研究结果表明，教练可以根据球队的战术需求和比赛计划中的策略思想，设计具有代表性和特定教学法的学习环境，从而构建球员的意图。研究结果还支持使用提问策略来缩小球员的注意力焦点，激发对表现中出现的相关约束的感知协调。最后，内部的 AR 设计为发展集体协调结构的教练干预提供了有价值的情境化见解。
