Baldinelli Francesca, Papanikolaou Aleksandra, Stoicescu Anca, Van der Stede Yves, Aznar Inma
EFSA J. 2020 Dec 15;18(12):e06349. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6349. eCollection 2020 Dec.
Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease that affects all species of domestic and wild birds. The viruses causing this disease can be of high (HPAI) or low (LPAI) pathogenicity and represent a continuous threat to poultry in Europe. Council Directive 2005/94/EC requires EU Member States (MSs) to carry out surveillance in poultry and wild birds and notify the results to the responsible authority. Therefore, MSs, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom have implemented ongoing surveillance programmes to monitor incursions of AI viruses in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to collate, validate, analyse and summarise the data resulting from the avian influenza surveillance programmes in an annual report. Overall 24,419 poultry establishments (PEs) were sampled, of which 87 were seropositive for H5 virus strains and 22 for H7 strains. Seropositive PEs were found in eight MSs (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain) and the United Kingdom (also a MS at the time of collection). The highest percentage of seropositive PEs was found in establishments raising waterfowl game birds and breeding geese. Out of the 109 PEs with positive serological tests for H5/H7, only two tested positive in PCR and virology for H5/H7 virus strains, both of which were LPAI strains (H5N1 and H7N7, respectively) and were reported by Denmark. In addition, 12 countries also reported PCR results from 653 PEs carried out either as a screening test or subsequent to a negative serological test result. Five of these PEs were found positive for AI viral RNA: four H5N8 HPAI in Bulgaria and one H7N3 LPAI in Italy. A total of 19,661 dead/moribund wild birds were sampled, with one bird testing positive to HPAI virus H5N6, which was reported by Denmark. In addition, there were 84 birds testing positive for LPAI H5 or H7 virus and 848 birds testing positive for non-H5/H7 AI virus, reported by 30 countries. The surveillance findings for poultry and wild birds for 2019 are discussed in relation to findings from previous years and current knowledge of the epidemiology of AI in Europe.
禽流感（AI）是一种感染性病毒性疾病，可影响所有家养和野生鸟类物种。引发这种疾病的病毒可能具有高致病性（HPAI）或低致病性（LPAI），对欧洲的家禽构成持续威胁。欧盟理事会指令2005/94/EC要求欧盟成员国（MSs）对家禽和野生鸟类进行监测，并将结果通知相关主管部门。因此，各成员国、冰岛、挪威、瑞士和英国已实施持续监测计划，以监控禽流感病毒在家禽和野生鸟类中的传入情况。欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）接受欧盟委员会的授权，在一份年度报告中整理、验证、分析和总结禽流感监测计划产生的数据。总共对24419个家禽养殖场（PEs）进行了采样，其中87个对H5病毒株血清呈阳性，22个对H7病毒株血清呈阳性。在八个成员国（比利时、保加利亚、丹麦、法国、德国、荷兰、波兰、西班牙）和英国（采集样本时也是成员国）发现了血清呈阳性的家禽养殖场。血清呈阳性的家禽养殖场中比例最高的是养殖水禽野味鸟和种鹅的养殖场。在109个对H5/H7血清学检测呈阳性的家禽养殖场中，只有两个在H5/H7病毒株的PCR和病毒学检测中呈阳性，两者均为低致病性禽流感病毒株（分别为H5N1和H7N7），由丹麦报告。此外，12个国家还报告了653个家禽养殖场作为筛查试验或在血清学检测结果为阴性后进行的PCR结果。其中5个家禽养殖场被发现禽流感病毒RNA呈阳性：保加利亚有4个H5N8高致病性禽流感病毒，意大利有1个H7N3低致病性禽流感病毒。总共对19661只死亡/濒死野生鸟类进行了采样，有1只鸟对高致病性禽流感病毒H5N6检测呈阳性，由丹麦报告。此外，30个国家报告有84只鸟对低致病性禽流感H5或H7病毒检测呈阳性，848只鸟对非H5/H7禽流感病毒检测呈阳性。结合前几年的监测结果以及欧洲禽流感流行病学的现有知识，对2019年家禽和野生鸟类的监测结果进行了讨论。
