Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2021 Jun;71:101635. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101635. Epub 2020 Dec 10.
Voice-hearing exists on a continuum and research studies have utilised experimental paradigms in an attempt to induce unusual auditory experiences in clinical and non-clinical samples. The aim of the current review was to systematically identify, review and appraise voice-hearing induction paradigms in order to guide researchers.
Five databases were searched for studies in which an experimental manipulation was used with the aim of inducing an auditory experience akin to voice-hearing. Papers were assessed for quality and the voice-hearing paradigms critically appraised.
Forty-nine studies, included in 41 papers, were reviewed. Studies were organised into five groups based on the type of voice-hearing paradigm used: sensory deprivation/limitation; hallucination suggestion; combined suggestion and ambiguous stimulus; signal detection and voice detection tasks; and auditory discrimination/transformation. Signal and voice detection tasks were found to be the most robust paradigms. The quality of paradigms was assessed, and their strengths and limitations evaluated, including evidence in relation to their utility, ecological validity and usability.
The current review excluded case studies, grey literature and studies which were not written in the English language, and as such voice-hearing paradigms may have been missed.
Voice-hearing paradigms vary in their ecological validity and experimental robustness. A challenge for future research is to develop a paradigm in which internally generated material can be attributed externally in a way that more closely represents inner speech and the experience of voice-hearing.
幻听是一个连续体，研究人员已经使用实验范式来尝试在临床和非临床样本中诱发异常的听觉体验。本研究旨在系统地识别、综述和评估幻听诱发范式，以指导研究人员。
在五个数据库中搜索了旨在诱发类似幻听的听觉体验的实验操作的研究。评估了论文的质量，并对幻听范式进行了批判性评价。
共综述了 49 项研究，其中包括 41 篇论文。根据使用的幻听范式类型，将研究分为五组：感觉剥夺/限制；幻觉暗示；暗示和模糊刺激相结合；信号检测和语音检测任务；以及听觉辨别/转换。信号和语音检测任务被认为是最可靠的范式。评估了范式的质量，并评估了其优缺点，包括与实用性、生态有效性和可用性相关的证据。
本综述排除了病例研究、灰色文献和非英文发表的研究，因此可能错过了一些幻听范式。
幻听范式在生态有效性和实验稳健性方面存在差异。未来研究的一个挑战是开发一种范式，使内部产生的材料可以以更接近内部言语和幻听体验的方式归因于外部。
