Freund Michael A, Chen Bingcan, Decker Eric A
Dept. of Food Science, Univ. of Massachusetts - Amherst, 240 Chenoweth Laboratory, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A.
Dept. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., PO Box 6050 Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, U.S.A.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2018 Sep;17(5):1367-1378. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12376. Epub 2018 Jul 27.
As people age they are at a greater risk for many disorders including cardiovascular, renal, and neurodegenerative diseases, and these conditions are exacerbated by diabetes. An important cause of the maladies associated with both age and diabetes is the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE formation is initiated by glycation reactions between reducing sugars and free amine groups. A cascade of other reactions follows, leading to alterations in membrane function and damage to the proteome, such as protein crosslinking. Compounds that prevent these reactions are currently being researched, but peptides hold great potential as they tend to lack toxicity, are absorbed intact, are easily produced, and are cheaper than other options. Of the peptides researched, carnosine is the most promising. Research suggests that carnosine is absorbed into the plasma unaltered and intact. Carnosine has been shown to prevent AGE formations through reduction of blood glucose, prevention of early glycation, and even reversing previously formed AGEs. Other promising peptides and amino acids include β-alanine, L-histidine, homocarnosine, anserine, and glutathione. If bioactive peptides and amino acids can minimize the formation of AGEs, foods containing these peptides could be used to improve health.
随着年龄的增长，人们患多种疾病的风险更高，包括心血管疾病、肾脏疾病和神经退行性疾病，而糖尿病会加剧这些情况。与衰老和糖尿病相关疾病的一个重要原因是晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs）的形成。AGEs的形成是由还原糖与游离胺基之间的糖基化反应引发的。随后会发生一系列其他反应，导致膜功能改变和蛋白质组损伤，如蛋白质交联。目前正在研究能够阻止这些反应的化合物，但肽具有很大的潜力，因为它们往往毒性小、能完整吸收、易于生产且比其他选择更便宜。在已研究的肽中，肌肽最有前景。研究表明，肌肽能完整无损地被吸收进入血浆。已证明肌肽可通过降低血糖、预防早期糖基化甚至逆转先前形成的AGEs来防止AGEs的形成。其他有前景的肽和氨基酸包括β-丙氨酸、L-组氨酸、高肌肽、鹅肌肽和谷胱甘肽。如果生物活性肽和氨基酸能够最大限度地减少AGEs的形成，那么含有这些肽的食物可用于改善健康状况。
