Gein Sergey V, Baeva Tatyana A
Institute of ecology and genetics of microorganisms - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Perm State University.
Institute of ecology and genetics of microorganisms - branch of the Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 2020 Aug 4;66(1):78-86. doi: 10.14341/probl10364.
Endomorphins – endogenous tetrapeptides with the highest affinity for the µ-opioid receptor. Currently, two tetrapeptides that differ in one amino acid residue have been isolated and characterized. The structure of endomorphins differs from the structure of members of three main families of opioid peptides: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, which contain the same N-terminal sequence. In the central nervous system, endomorphins are distributed everywhere, where they are primarily responsible for antinociception. Distribution of endomorphins in the immune system, similar to that of other opioid peptides, has allowed to suggest their active participation in the processes of immune regulation. This review summarizes modern views on the structure of endomorphins, their localization, possible intracellular mechanisms of signal transmission and their effects on the processes of activation, proliferation and differentiation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity. Endomorphins actively modulate the functions of the cells of the immune system. Peptides predominantly suppress adaptive immunity reactions. There effects on the functions of innate immunity cells (granulocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells) depending on the conditions and can have either an inhibitory or stimulating orientation. Thus, endomorphins can be promising compounds that can effectively regulate both nociceptive signals and processes in the immune system.
内吗啡肽——对μ-阿片受体具有最高亲和力的内源性四肽。目前，已分离并鉴定出两种在一个氨基酸残基上不同的四肽。内吗啡肽的结构不同于阿片肽三个主要家族（内啡肽、脑啡肽和强啡肽）成员的结构，后三者含有相同的N端序列。在中枢神经系统中，内吗啡肽分布于各处，主要负责镇痛作用。内吗啡肽在免疫系统中的分布与其他阿片肽相似，这提示它们积极参与免疫调节过程。本综述总结了关于内吗啡肽结构、其定位、可能的细胞内信号转导机制以及它们对固有免疫和适应性免疫细胞激活、增殖和分化过程影响的现代观点。内吗啡肽积极调节免疫系统细胞的功能。这些肽主要抑制适应性免疫反应。它们对固有免疫细胞（粒细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、树突状细胞）功能的影响取决于具体条件，可能具有抑制或刺激作用。因此，内吗啡肽有望成为既能有效调节伤害性信号又能调节免疫系统过程的化合物。
