Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Int Psychogeriatr. 2023 Jan;35(1):17-28. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220003774. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
We examined the association of generational status and age at immigration with later life cognitive outcomes in a diverse sample of Latinos and Asian Americans.
Baseline data were obtained from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study, and a prospective cohort is initiated in 2017.
Older adults in Northern California.
Our cohort consisted of Asians ( = 411) and Latinos ( = 340) who were on average 76 years old (SD = 6.8).
We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate associations between generational status and age at immigration (collapsed into one five-level variable) with measures of verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function, adjusting for age, gender, race and ethnicity, and own- and parental education.
Generational status and age at immigration were associated with cognitive outcomes in a graded manner. Compared to third-generation or higher immigrants, first-generation immigration in adulthood was associated with lower semantic memory (β = -0.96; 95% CI: -1.12, -0.81) than immigration in adolescence (β = -0.68; 95% CI: -0.96, -0.41) or childhood (β = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.06). Moreover, immigration in adulthood was associated with lower executive function (β = -0.63; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.48) than immigration in adolescence (β = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.23). Similarly, compared to third-generation individuals, first-generation immigrants had lower executive functioning scores.
Our study supports the notion that sociocontextual influences in early life impact later life cognitive scores. Longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify how immigration characteristics affect cognitive decline.
我们在一个多元化的拉丁裔和亚裔美国人群体中，研究了代际地位和移民年龄与晚年认知结果的关联。
基线数据来自 Kaiser 健康老龄化和多样化生活体验（KHANDLE）研究，2017 年开始启动前瞻性队列。
北加利福尼亚的老年人。
我们的队列包括亚洲人（n=411）和拉丁裔（n=340），平均年龄为 76 岁（SD=6.8）。
我们使用多变量线性回归模型来估计代际地位和移民年龄（合并为一个五级变量）与言语情景记忆、语义记忆和执行功能测量之间的关联，调整了年龄、性别、种族和民族以及自身和父母的教育程度。
代际地位和移民年龄与认知结果呈梯度相关。与第三代或更高代移民相比，成年后第一代移民的语义记忆（β=-0.96；95%CI：-1.12，-0.81）比青春期（β=-0.68；95%CI：-0.96，-0.41）或儿童期（β=-0.28；95%CI：-0.49，-0.06）移民低。此外，成年后移民与较低的执行功能（β=-0.63；95%CI：-0.78，-0.48）相关，而青春期移民（β=-0.49；95%CI：-0.75，-0.23）则较低。同样，与第三代个体相比，第一代移民的执行功能得分较低。
我们的研究支持了这样一种观点，即生命早期的社会文化影响会影响晚年的认知评分。需要进行纵向研究以进一步阐明移民特征如何影响认知衰退。
