Debate: Implementation Science can help bridge the gap between evidence and policy - a case study from the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

The burden from mental disorder in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has risen steadily over the last three decades. The unmet need for interventions puts pressure on policymakers for urgent action, often leading to the introduction of programmes developed in high-income countries, with very little attention to how well these meet local needs. Till well-designed local research including randomised controlled trials become common practice in low- and middle-income countries, implementation science could provide relatively cheaper and quicker ways of ensuring that these interventions do indeed lead to patient benefit. We present a case study of a teacher-delivered school mental health intervention developed by international experts, and implemented in the EMR under the auspices of the World Health Organization. We used an implementation research framework to adapt the programme to local needs, obtain stakeholder buy-in, and design an online-training programme for rapid dissemination in local schools in Egypt, Iran, Jordan and Pakistan. Within the official roll-out of the programme in one EMR country (Pakistan), we embedded a hybrid effectiveness-implementation cluster randomised control trial to evaluate both clinical and implementation outcomes of the adapted intervention. The approach allows for rapid adaptation and evidence building within real-world implementation settings. Capacity in low- and middle-income countries for such research needs to be developed.