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电影场景的时间记忆的重构性质。

Reconstructive nature of temporal memory for movie scenes.

机构信息

Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.

出版信息

Cognition. 2021 Mar;208:104557. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104557. Epub 2020 Dec 26.

Abstract

Remembering when events took place is a key component of episodic memory. Using a sensitive behavioral measure, the present study investigates whether spontaneous event segmentation and script-based prior knowledge affect memory for the time of movie scenes. In three experiments, different groups of participants were asked to indicate when short video clips extracted from a previously encoded movie occurred on a horizontal timeline that represented the video duration. When participants encoded the entire movie, they were more precise at judging the temporal occurrence of clips extracted from the beginning and the end of the film compared to its middle part, but also at judging clips that were closer to event boundaries. Removing the final part of the movie from the encoding session resulted in a systematic bias in memory for time. Specifically, participants increasingly underestimated the time of occurrence of the video clips as a function of their proximity to the missing part of the movie. An additional experiment indicated that such an underestimation effect generalizes to different audio-visual material and does not necessarily reflect poor temporal memory. By showing that memories are moved in time to make room for missing information, the present study demonstrates that narrative time can be adapted to fit a standard template regardless of what has been effectively encoded, in line with reconstructive theories of memory.

摘要

记住事件发生的时间是情景记忆的一个关键组成部分。本研究使用敏感的行为测量方法,调查自发的事件分割和基于脚本的先验知识是否会影响对电影场景时间的记忆。在三个实验中,不同组的参与者被要求在代表视频时长的水平时间线上指出从之前编码的电影中提取的短视频片段的发生时间。当参与者对整部电影进行编码时,他们在判断从电影开头和结尾提取的片段的时间发生时比判断电影中间部分的片段更加准确,但也更准确地判断接近事件边界的片段。在编码过程中删除电影的最后部分会导致对时间的记忆产生系统偏差。具体来说,随着与缺失电影部分的接近,参与者对视频片段发生时间的估计会逐渐低估。另外一个实验表明,这种低估效应适用于不同的视听材料,并不一定反映出较差的时间记忆。本研究表明,记忆会在时间上移动以腾出空间来容纳缺失的信息,从而证明叙事时间可以根据有效编码的内容进行调整,以适应标准模板,这与记忆的重构理论一致。

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