University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy.
Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2021 Apr;33(4):563-573. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01668. Epub 2020 Dec 30.
During prism adaptation (PA), active exposure to an optical shift results in sustained modifications of the sensorimotor system, which have been shown to expand to the cognitive level and serve as a rehabilitation technique for spatial cognition disorders. Several models based on evidence from clinical and neuroimaging studies offered a description of the cognitive and the neural correlates of PA. However, recent findings using noninvasive neurostimulation call for a reexamination of the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in PA. Specifically, recent studies demonstrated that M1 stimulation reactivates previously vanished sensorimotor changes 1 day after PA, induces after-effect strengthening, and boosts therapeutic effects up to the point of reversing treatment-resistant unilateral neglect. Here, we articulate findings from clinical, neuroimaging, and noninvasive brain stimulation studies to show that M1 contributes to acquiring and storing PA, by means of persisting latent changes after the behavioral training is terminated, consistent with studies on other sensorimotor adaptation procedures. Moreover, we describe the hierarchical organization as well as the timing of PA mechanisms and their anatomical correlates, and identify M1 as an anatomo-functional interface between low- and high-order PA-related mechanisms.
在棱镜适应（PA）期间，主动暴露于光移会导致感觉运动系统的持续改变，这些改变已被证明可以扩展到认知水平，并作为空间认知障碍的康复技术。一些基于临床和神经影像学研究证据的模型提供了对 PA 的认知和神经相关性的描述。然而，最近使用非侵入性神经刺激的发现要求重新审视初级运动皮层（M1）在 PA 中的作用。具体来说，最近的研究表明，M1 刺激可在 PA 后 1 天重新激活先前消失的感觉运动变化，诱导后效增强，并增强治疗效果，直至逆转治疗抵抗性单侧忽略。在这里，我们综合了临床、神经影像学和非侵入性脑刺激研究的结果，表明 M1 通过在行为训练结束后持续存在潜在变化，有助于获取和存储 PA，这与其他感觉运动适应程序的研究一致。此外，我们描述了 PA 机制及其解剖学相关性的层次结构和时间安排，并将 M1 确定为低阶和高阶 PA 相关机制之间的解剖功能界面。
