Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(14):18035-18049. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11800-1. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
In this study, the toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is the sodium salt of glutamic acid and used as a flavor-enhancing additive in foods, and the protective role of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) extract against these effects were investigated using Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, cytogenetic, and biochemical parameters. In the study, physiological changes were evaluated by determining root length, weight gain, and rooting percentage; genetic changes were evaluated by chromosomal abnormalities, micronucleus (MN) formation, mitotic index ratio (MI), and DNA damage. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the relationships between oxidative stress and other parameters in the study were investigated. The antimutagenic effect of P. peruviana L. extract was evaluated as inhibition caused by MSG-induced chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and DNA damage. In the study, six groups, including one control and five applications, were formed. The bulbs of Allium cepa L. in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups treated with 1000 mg/L MSG, 125 mg/L, and 250 mg/L concentrations of P. peruviana L. extract and MSG (1000 mg/L) in combination with P. peruviana L. extracts (125 mg/L and 250 mg/L) for 72 h. At the end of the application, compared to the control group, MSG application caused decreases in rooting percentage, weight gain, root length and MI, increases in frequencies of MN formation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage. In the biochemical analysis, it was determined that there were increases in MDA, SOD, and CAT levels and a decrease in GSH level. P. peruviana L. extract ameliorated MSG toxicity by showing improvement in all these parameters depending on the application concentration. As a result, considering the toxic effects of MSG, it has been understood that the use as a food additive should be abandoned and the use of P. peruviana L. in addition to daily nutrition has been found to be a good antioxidant nutrient in reducing the effects of exposed toxic substances.
在这项研究中，使用洋葱（Allium cepa L.）测试材料，通过生理、细胞遗传学和生化参数，研究了谷氨酸单钠（MSG）——谷氨酸的钠盐，作为食品中的增味添加剂——的毒性作用，以及仙人掌果（Physalis peruviana L.）提取物对这些作用的保护作用。在研究中，通过测定根长、增重和生根率来评估生理变化；通过染色体异常、微核（MN）形成、有丝分裂指数比（MI）和 DNA 损伤来评估遗传变化；通过测定丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的水平来评估氧化应激。此外，还研究了研究中氧化应激与其他参数之间的关系。通过抑制 MSG 诱导的染色体异常（CAs）和 DNA 损伤，评估了仙人掌果提取物的抗突变作用。在研究中，形成了包括一个对照组和五个实验组的六个组。对照组的洋葱鳞茎用自来水处理；实验组的洋葱鳞茎分别用 1000mg/L MSG、125mg/L 和 250mg/L 浓度的仙人掌果提取物以及 1000mg/L MSG 与 125mg/L 和 250mg/L 浓度的仙人掌果提取物组合处理 72 小时。在应用结束时，与对照组相比，MSG 处理导致生根率、增重、根长和 MI 降低，MN 形成、染色体异常和 DNA 损伤频率增加。在生化分析中，确定 MDA、SOD 和 CAT 水平升高，GSH 水平降低。仙人掌果提取物通过改善所有这些参数来减轻 MSG 的毒性，这取决于应用浓度。因此，考虑到 MSG 的毒性作用，已经理解应该放弃将其作为食品添加剂使用，并且发现仙人掌果除了日常营养之外，作为一种良好的抗氧化营养物质，可以减少暴露于有毒物质的影响。
