Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland.
Theranostics. 2021 Jan 1;11(4):1690-1702. doi: 10.7150/thno.53691. eCollection 2021.
The global outbreak of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlighted a requirement for two pronged clinical interventions such as development of effective vaccines and acute therapeutic options for medium-to-severe stages of "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). Effective vaccines, if successfully developed, have been emphasized to become the most effective strategy in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Basic research advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering have already provided excellent progress and groundbreaking new discoveries in the field of the coronavirus biology and its epidemiology. In particular, for the vaccine development the advances in characterization of a capsid structure and identification of its antigens that can become targets for new vaccines. The development of the experimental vaccines requires a plethora of molecular techniques as well as strict compliance with safety procedures. The research and clinical data integrity, cross-validation of the results, and appropriated studies from the perspective of efficacy and potently side effects have recently become a hotly discussed topic. In this review, we present an update on latest advances and progress in an ongoing race to develop 52 different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Our analysis is focused on registered clinical trials (current as of November 04, 2020) that fulfill the international safety and efficacy criteria in the vaccine development. The requirements as well as benefits and risks of diverse types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are discussed including those containing whole-virus and live-attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, live vector vaccines, and also plant-based vaccine formulation containing coronavirus-like particle (VLP). The challenges associated with the vaccine development as well as its distribution, safety and long-term effectiveness have also been highlighted and discussed.
新型严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）在全球范围内的爆发，凸显了临床干预需要双管齐下，例如开发有效的疫苗和针对“2019 年冠状病毒病”（COVID-19）中重度阶段的急性治疗方案。如果成功开发出有效疫苗，将强调其成为全球抗击 COVID-19 大流行的最有效策略。生物技术和基因工程的基础研究进展已经在冠状病毒生物学及其流行病学领域取得了出色的进展和开创性的新发现。特别是在疫苗开发方面，对衣壳结构的特征描述以及鉴定可成为新型疫苗靶点的抗原方面取得了进展。实验疫苗的开发需要大量的分子技术，并且需要严格遵守安全程序。研究和临床数据的完整性、结果的交叉验证以及从功效和潜在副作用的角度进行适当的研究，最近已成为热门讨论的话题。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了针对 SARS-CoV-2 开发 52 种不同疫苗的持续竞赛中的最新进展和进展。我们的分析重点是已注册的临床试验（截至 2020 年 11 月 04 日），这些试验符合疫苗开发的国际安全性和功效标准。讨论了包括包含全病毒和减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、mRNA 疫苗、DNA 疫苗、活载体疫苗以及含有冠状病毒样颗粒（VLP）的植物疫苗制剂在内的各种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的要求、益处和风险。还强调和讨论了与疫苗开发以及其分配、安全性和长期有效性相关的挑战。
