Teaching Without Harm: The Ethics of Performing Posthumous Procedures on the Newly Deceased.

Physicians must be proficient in and efficient at various lifesaving and life-sustaining procedures. Multiple methods exist to teach these skills to inexperienced medical professionals, ranging from lectures to practical models to live patients. Proficiency and prior knowledge are especially important when novice medical trainees first perform these procedures because of the increased risk of harm in these high-stakes scenarios. To mitigate inherent risks, many medical centers controversially advocate and allow the use of newly deceased patients to practice, teach, and perfect these procedures. As a result, this type of experience facilitates medical training and competency while simultaneously avoiding physical harm to living patients. Nonetheless, it raises numerous ethical and legal considerations, including concerns of damage to the doctor-patient relationship. This manuscript aims to comprehensively review the ethicality of practicing postmortem procedures and its current debate regarding the role and type of consent. This is followed by examining scenarios where the prior patient or postmortem surrogate consent is required for procedures that do not benefit the patient, including organ donation, cadaver donation, and brain tissue donation. Using these scenarios as a framework, best practices for gaining permission to use the newly deceased for medical training purposes are offered. Procedures on deceased patients should always be done under competent supervision in a structured manner, with comprehensive explanations to encourage accountability and professionalism and prevent misuse. Informed consent for all educational procedures must be obtained by individuals separate from the treatment team. However, exceptions to this standard could be made in pediatrics (especially in the neonatal intensive care unit) given the intimate relationship between providers and parents. Depending on the situation, consent should be obtained from the patient and/or their family, with separate documentation provided to create awareness. All relative parties should be consented after receiving appropriate time to process to prevent further emotional compromise. If there are concerns about jeopardizing the family and creating further burdens, they should not be approached.