Nocera Irene, Aliboni Benedetta, Ben David Liri, Gracia-Calvo Luis Alfonso, Sgorbini Micaela, Citi Simonetta
Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Private Equine Practitioner, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Front Vet Sci. 2020 Dec 21;7:601665. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.601665. eCollection 2020.
Laminitis is a debilitating disorder resulting in irreversible anatomical changes in the feet of equids. Assessing specific anatomical features through radiography and venography provides diagnostic and prognostic information. The reference ranges are well-established in horses, but not in donkeys. It is also uncertain as to whether these ranges can be applied to every donkey breed. The present study characterizes the radiological and venographic hoof anatomy of healthy feet of Amiata donkeys and defines the changes associated with severe and mild laminitis. A total of 16 forefeet were evaluated in 8 Amiata jennies. The animals underwent musculoskeletal examination, Obel grading assessment and radiological evaluation. Based on clinical examination and radiographic findings, the forefeet were grouped as healthy, mild or severe laminitic feet, thus the digital venograms were performed according to the group definition. Radiology revealed 7/16 healthy, 4/16 mild laminitic, and 5/16 severe laminitic forefeet. Statistical analysis showed differences between the healthy and laminitic forefeet for the dorsal angle ( < 0.0001) and angle of solar aspect ( < 0.0001) of the distal phalanx, for deviation between dorsal aspect of distal phalanx and the hoof wall ( < 0.0001) and phalangeal rotation angle ( = 0.0032). Venography was abnormal in mild and severe laminitic forefeet. In particular, the vascularization was reduced or absent at the lamellar-circumflex junction dorsally, at the sub-lamellar vascular bed and at the circumflex veins. Coronary plexus vascularization was absent in severe laminitic forefeet. This study provides the radiological parameters for the assessment of healthy and laminitic forefeet of Amiata donkeys. The mild laminitic foot venogram showed decreased vascularization mainly on lamellar-circumflex junction and sub-lamellar vascular bed, in latero-medial views. The severe laminitic foot showed very poor or absent vascularization in multiple areas. The technique is easily applicable and provides diagnostic support in laminitis.
蹄叶炎是一种使人衰弱的疾病，会导致马属动物足部出现不可逆的解剖学变化。通过X射线摄影和静脉造影评估特定的解剖特征可提供诊断和预后信息。这些参考范围在马匹中已得到充分确立，但在驴中尚未确立。此外，这些范围是否适用于每个驴品种也不确定。本研究描述了阿米亚塔驴健康足部的放射学和静脉造影蹄部解剖结构，并确定了与重度和轻度蹄叶炎相关的变化。对8头阿米亚塔母驴的16只前蹄进行了评估。这些动物接受了肌肉骨骼检查、奥贝尔分级评估和放射学评估。根据临床检查和X射线检查结果，将前蹄分为健康、轻度或重度蹄叶炎蹄，因此根据分组定义进行了数字静脉造影。放射学检查显示，16只前蹄中有7只为健康蹄，4只为轻度蹄叶炎蹄，5只为重度蹄叶炎蹄。统计分析表明，健康前蹄与蹄叶炎前蹄在远节指骨的背侧角（<0.0001）和跖侧角（<0.0001）、远节指骨背侧与蹄壁之间的偏差（<0.0001）以及指骨旋转角度（=0.0032）方面存在差异。轻度和重度蹄叶炎前蹄的静脉造影均异常。特别是，背侧的板层-环行交界处、板层下血管床和环行静脉处的血管化减少或缺失。重度蹄叶炎前蹄的冠状丛血管化缺失。本研究提供了评估阿米亚塔驴健康和蹄叶炎前蹄的放射学参数。轻度蹄叶炎蹄的静脉造影在内外侧视图中显示主要在板层-环行交界处和板层下血管床血管化减少。重度蹄叶炎蹄在多个区域显示血管化非常差或缺失。该技术易于应用，并为蹄叶炎提供诊断支持。
