Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, Brazil.
Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, Sao Carlos, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(9):10450-10473. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11856-z. Epub 2021 Jan 7.
Tobacco is a worldwide-consumed product, which in addition to causing public health-related issues is responsible for the most common form of litter in the world-smoked cigarette butts (CBs). A large attention has been drawn to this question, since this specific waste type tends to end up in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, posing serious threat to a range of life forms. Decomposition may take several years to occur because cellulose acetate is hardly accessible, before deacetylation, by bacteria and fungi. This review concerns the toxicity derived from smoked cigarette butts, as well as innovative ecological solutions for solving the CB litter problem. Toxicity studies have demonstrated the critical influence of chemicals present in smoked CBs to the environment as a whole, but also the physical contaminating potential considering micro- and nanoparticles derived from CB material. Nevertheless, several technological approaches were aimed at unveiling hidden value within used CBs, as well as propositions for incorporation of this residue in large volume production items or direct recycling. In summary, several methods are available to alleviate CB pollution, while appropriate and efficient collection logistics by consumers appears as the main bottleneck for an effective recycling. It is also clear that while considerable progress has been made recently in light of CB recycling solutions, there is still a vast research capacity in this regard.
烟草是一种在世界范围内消费的产品，除了造成与公共健康相关的问题外，还导致了世界上最常见的垃圾形式——吸烟烟头（CBs）。由于这种特殊的废物类型往往最终会进入陆地和水生生态系统，对多种生命形式构成严重威胁，因此人们对这个问题给予了极大的关注。在细菌和真菌进行去乙酰化之前，醋酸纤维素很难被降解，因此需要数年时间才能分解。本综述涉及吸烟烟头产生的毒性，以及解决 CB 垃圾问题的创新生态解决方案。毒性研究表明，吸烟 CB 中存在的化学物质对整个环境具有重要影响，但也考虑到了从 CB 材料中衍生的微纳米颗粒带来的物理污染潜力。尽管如此，人们已经提出了几种技术方法来揭示使用过的 CB 中隐藏的价值，以及将这种废物纳入大规模生产项目或直接回收的建议。总的来说，有几种方法可以减轻 CB 污染，而消费者采取适当和有效的收集物流似乎是有效回收的主要瓶颈。显然，尽管最近在 CB 回收解决方案方面取得了相当大的进展，但在这方面仍有很大的研究潜力。
