Timing of acute passive heating on glucose tolerance and blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, balanced crossover, control trial.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and progressive insulin resistance, leading to macro and microvascular dysfunction. Passive heating has potential to improve glucose homeostasis and act as an exercise mimetic. We assessed the effect of acute passive heating before or during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with T2DM. Twelve people with T2DM were randomly assigned to the following three conditions: ) 3-h OGTT (control), ) 1-h passive heating (40°C water) 30 min before an OGTT (HOT-OGTT), and ) 1-h passive heating (40°C water) 30 min after commencing an OGTT (OGTT-HOT). Blood glucose concentration, insulin sensitivity, extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHSP70), total energy expenditure (TEE), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded. Passive heating did not alter blood glucose concentration [control: 1,677 (386) arbitrary units (AU), HOT-OGTT: 1,797 (340) AU, and OGTT-HOT: 1,662 (364) AU, = 0.28], insulin sensitivity ( = 0.15), or SBP ( = 0.18) but did increase eHSP70 concentration in both heating conditions [control: 203.48 (110.81) pg·mL; HOT-OGTT: 402.47 (79.02) pg·mL; and OGTT-HOT: 310.00 (60.53) pg·mL, < 0.001], increased TEE (via fat oxidation) in the OGTT-HOT condition [control: 263 (33) kcal, HOT-OGTT: 278 (40) kcal, and OGTT-HOT: 304 (38) kcal, = 0.001], increased HR in both heating conditions ( < 0.001), and reduced DBP in the OGTT-HOT condition ( < 0.01). Passive heating in close proximity to a glucose challenge does not alter glucose tolerance but does increase eHSP70 concentration and TEE and reduce blood pressure in people with T2DM. This is the first study to investigate the timing of acute passive heating on glucose tolerance and extracellular heat shock protein 70 concentration ([eHSP70]) in people with type 2 diabetes. The principal novel findings from this study were that both passive heating conditions: ) did not reduce the area under the curve or peak blood glucose concentration, ) elevated heart rate, and ) increased [eHSP70], which was blunted by glucose ingestion, while passive heating following glucose ingestion, ) increased total energy expenditure, and ) reduced diastolic blood pressure.