Coronado Clarisa, Wade Natasha E, Aguinaldo Laika D, Mejia Margie Hernandez, Jacobus Joanna
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
J Pediatr Neuropsychol. 2020 Mar;6(1):1-13. doi: 10.1007/s40817-020-00076-5. Epub 2020 Jan 20.
Adolescence is dynamic and comprises physiological, psychological, and neurocognitive changes. Notably, many developmentally associated neurobiological changes (e.g., synaptic pruning, myelination) coincide with peak substances use prevalence rates, particularly for cannabis use. Cannabis remains the most commonly used illicit drug among adolescents with 23.9% reporting cannabis use in the last year (Johnston et al., 2019). Adolescents who engage in cannabis use often show poorer neurocognitive performance and alterations in structural and functional brain development as compared to their non-using peers (Jacobus & Tapert, 2014). Over the past several decades, the cognitive domains most consistently associated with cannabis use among adolescents are learning and memory and several facets of executive functioning (e.g., inhibitory control, decision-making). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method for probing the neural substrates underlying possible cannabis-related changes in cognition. This brief review aims to synthesize recent findings on the relationship between adolescent (≤25 years old) cannabis use and neural response during task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Findings thus far suggest aberrant, often hyperactive, response to task-based stimuli in youth cannabis users. When considering the future directions of fMRI research with cannabis-using youth, review of existing studies also highlights the need for more prospective research with diverse samples.
青春期是动态的，包括生理、心理和神经认知方面的变化。值得注意的是，许多与发育相关的神经生物学变化（如突触修剪、髓鞘形成）与物质使用流行率的峰值相吻合，尤其是大麻使用。大麻仍然是青少年中最常用的非法药物，去年有23.9%的青少年报告使用过大麻（约翰斯顿等人，2019年）。与不使用大麻的同龄人相比，使用大麻的青少年通常表现出较差的神经认知能力以及大脑结构和功能发育的改变（雅各布斯和塔珀特，2014年）。在过去几十年中，青少年使用大麻最常涉及的认知领域是学习和记忆以及执行功能的几个方面（如抑制控制、决策）。功能磁共振成像（fMRI）是一种用于探究可能与大麻相关的认知变化背后神经基质的非侵入性方法。这篇简短综述旨在综合近期关于青少年（≤25岁）大麻使用与基于任务的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）期间神经反应之间关系的研究结果。迄今为止的研究结果表明，年轻大麻使用者对基于任务的刺激存在异常反应，通常是过度活跃的反应。在考虑对使用大麻的青少年进行fMRI研究的未来方向时，对现有研究的综述还强调需要对更多样化的样本进行前瞻性研究。
