利用分析和地理空间技术调查巴基斯坦本努地区的氡源、对儿童的健康危害和风险评估。
Investigation of Radon Sources, Health Hazard and Risks assessment for children using analytical and geospatial techniques in District Bannu (Pakistan).
机构信息
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
出版信息
Int J Radiat Biol. 2022;98(6):1176-1184. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1872817. Epub 2021 Mar 15.
PURPOSE
Radon (Rn) is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless gas which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of the main sources of Rn which is directly consumed by the population is Groundwater (Tube well, Bore well, Hand pump). Rn gas is found naturally in rock, soil and water and can be considered as main health risk factor in terms of lung cancer, stomach diseases, leukemia and childhood cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Rn in the drinking water sources, appraisal of health risk for children in District Bannu, Pakistan.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Total of 98 drinking water samples were analyzed by using RAD-7 detector. The experimental data was statistically analyzed by using Pearson's test. The experimental and epidemiological data of the study area are shown on map using ArcGIS version 10.5.
RESULTS
The analytical results show that Rn in drinking water was found varying from 10.1 Bq/l to 53.1 Bq/l with the average highest and lowest depth of 60 ft to 550 ft respectively. Pearson's test was used to show the concentration of Rn verses the depth of the water sources so +1 positive linear correlation was observed among the depth of water sources and the concentration of Rn. Out of 98 drinking water samples 40 sample were above the maximum contaminant level of 11.1 Bq/l (MCL) set by WHO, 2002. The effective doses (AED and DE) for children ranges from 0.00001 to 3.792 mSv/y which exceeds the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of Rn (0.1mSv/y) in 30 drinking water samples . On the basis of analytical results Rn high concentration areas are shown on the map using IDW model of interpolation and health risks were shown in areas where Rn content was above the maximum contaminant level. High correlations of diseases related to Rn were observed amongst the residence of the study area. Gastrointestinal diseases, brain tumor, lung cancer and kidney diseases were observed among the children of the study area.
CONCLUSION
From the overall analysis it was observed that high Rn concentration in drinking water may cause substantial health damage in children after long term exposure.
目的
氡（Rn）是一种放射性、无味、无色的气体，半衰期为 3.83 天。人群直接消耗的 Rn 的主要来源之一是地下水（管井、钻孔井、手动泵）。Rn 气体天然存在于岩石、土壤和水中，可被视为肺癌、胃病、白血病和儿童癌症的主要健康风险因素。本研究的目的是确定巴基斯坦班努地区饮用水源中 Rn 的浓度，评估儿童的健康风险。
材料和方法
使用 RAD-7 探测器分析了 98 个饮用水样本。使用 Pearson 检验对实验数据进行了统计分析。使用 ArcGIS 版本 10.5 显示研究区域的实验和流行病学数据在地图上。
结果
分析结果表明，饮用水中的 Rn 浓度从 10.1 Bq/l 到 53.1 Bq/l 不等，平均最高和最低深度分别为 60 英尺和 550 英尺。Pearson 检验用于显示 Rn 浓度与水源深度的关系，结果表明水源深度与 Rn 浓度之间存在正线性相关。在 98 个饮用水样本中，有 40 个样本超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）2002 年设定的最大污染物水平（MCL）11.1 Bq/l。儿童的有效剂量（AED 和 DE）范围为 0.00001 至 3.792 mSv/y，超过了 30 个饮用水样本中 Rn（0.1mSv/y）的允许暴露限值（PEL）。根据分析结果，使用 IDW 插值模型在地图上显示 Rn 高浓度区域，并显示 Rn 含量高于最大污染物水平的区域的健康风险。研究区域居民之间观察到与 Rn 相关的疾病高度相关。研究区域的儿童中观察到胃肠道疾病、脑肿瘤、肺癌和肾脏疾病。
结论
从整体分析来看，长期接触高浓度的饮用水中的 Rn 可能会对儿童造成严重的健康损害。
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