Distribution of Eu and Eu Ions in Hydroxyapatite: A Cathodoluminescence and Raman Study.

We present a cathodoluminescence study of the spatial distribution of Eu and Eu dopants in hydroxyapatite powders. The results demonstrate that the distribution of europium ions in the hydroxyapatite lattice depends on their valence state. Monochromatic cathodoluminescence images from prismatic powders show that although the Eu is distributed homogeneously in the entire powder volume, the Eu is present mainly at the powder edges. The luminescence spectrum of the Eu ions displayed a wide and strong blue emission centered at 420 nm, while the luminescence spectrum of the Eu ions displayed several orange-red emissions covering the range from 575 to 725 nm. These emissions correspond to transitions between levels 4f5d-4f (S) of the Eu ions and D-F levels of the Eu ions. Micro Raman measurements reveal that europium doping generates two phonon signals with frequencies of 555 and 660 cm, both of which have not been reported earlier. The powders were synthesized by the combustion synthesis method, maintaining constant the concentration of the europium salt used, and varying the pH of the precursor solutions to modify the concentration ratio of Eu with respect to Eu. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were used to determine values of 0.32 and 0.55 for the ratio Eu/Eu in samples synthesized at pH values of 6 and 4, respectively. Thermal treatments of the samples, at 873 K in an oxygen atmosphere, resulted in a strong quenching of the Eu luminescence due to oxidation of the Eu ions into Eu, as well as probable elimination of calcium vacancy defects by annealing.