School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, 518055 Shenzhen, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, 518055 Shenzhen, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 May 10;768:144865. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144865. Epub 2020 Dec 31.
The North China Grid has the highest proportion of fossil fuel-based electricity generation in China and also suffers from severe water scarcity issues. This study uses a multi-objective optimization model to explore future configurations of generating and cooling technologies of the electric power sector in the North China Grid subject to constraints imposed by existing policies on water conservation and carbon reduction in 2030. Our findings highlight that the current carbon reduction commitments of China do not have significant impacts on the North China Grid's electric power sector development while policies in the water sector generate much larger impacts. Imposing water constraint according to the 'Three Red Line' Policy requires increasing utilization of wind power and air cooling systems, which simultaneously increases economic cost and carbon emissions compared to the business as usual scenario. Imposing enhanced carbon emission and water consumption constraints reap the co-benefits of carbon reduction and water conservation by increasing the proportion of solar PV generation to 8.21%, which increases the unit electricity cost from RMB 0.82 per kWh to RMB 1.37 per kWh. In 2030, electricity generation in the North China Grid generates 1599.88 to 1690.89 million tons (Mt) of carbon emissions under different scenarios whereas imposing water constraint reduces water consumption from 3.34 billion m to 1.94 billion m.
华北电网的发电结构中化石燃料占比最高，同时也面临严重的水资源短缺问题。本研究采用多目标优化模型，在考虑到 2030 年节水和减碳现有政策约束的条件下，探讨了华北电网电力部门未来的发电和冷却技术配置。研究结果表明，中国目前的减碳承诺对华北电网电力部门的发展没有显著影响，而水政策的影响要大得多。根据“三条红线”政策实施水资源约束，需要增加风力发电和空冷系统的利用，这与“照常营业”情景相比，会同时增加经济成本和碳排放。实施强化的碳排放和水资源消耗约束，可以通过增加太阳能光伏的比例来实现减碳和节水的共同效益，达到 8.21%，这将使每千瓦时的单位电力成本从 0.82 元增加到 1.37 元。在不同情景下，2030 年华北电网的电力生产将产生 1599.88 至 1690.89 百万吨的碳排放，而实施水资源约束将使用水量从 33.4 亿立方米减少到 19.4 亿立方米。
