Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 10;22(2):636. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020636.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Breast cancer is fairly heterogeneous and reveals six molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like subtype (ER-, PR-, and HER2-), normal breast-like, and claudin-low. Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis play critical roles in improving therapeutic outcomes and prognosis. Mammography is currently the main commercially available detection method for breast cancer; however, it has numerous limitations. Therefore, reliable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required. Biomarkers used in cancer range from macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to whole cells. Biomarkers for cancer risk, diagnosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis have been identified in breast cancer. In addition, there is currently a greater demand for personalized or precise treatments; moreover, the identification of novel biomarkers to further the development of new drugs is urgently needed. In this review, we summarize and focus on the recent discoveries of promising macromolecules and cell-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and provide implications for therapeutic strategies.
乳腺癌是全球最常见的癌症类型，也是导致女性癌症相关死亡的主要原因。乳腺癌具有相当大的异质性，可分为六个分子亚型：腔 A 型、腔 B 型、HER2+型、基底样亚型（ER-、PR-和 HER2-）、正常乳腺样型和 Claudin-低型。乳腺癌筛查和早期诊断对于改善治疗效果和预后至关重要。乳腺 X 线摄影术是目前临床上主要的乳腺癌检测方法，但存在许多局限性。因此，需要可靠的非侵入性诊断和预后生物标志物。癌症中使用的生物标志物包括从大分子（如 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质）到整个细胞的各种物质。在乳腺癌中已经确定了用于癌症风险、诊断、增殖、转移、耐药性和预后的生物标志物。此外，目前对个性化或精准治疗的需求更大，迫切需要发现新的生物标志物以进一步开发新药。在这篇综述中，我们总结并重点介绍了最近发现的有希望的用于乳腺癌诊断和预后的大分子和基于细胞的生物标志物，并为治疗策略提供了启示。
