Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
J Youth Adolesc. 2021 Apr;50(4):613-627. doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01387-8. Epub 2021 Jan 13.
Expectations regarding gendered behaviors are understood to emanate from many sources, including parents, peers, and the self but there has been little research directly comparing these three sources of pressure. The present study assessed felt pressure regarding masculine and feminine stereotypic behaviors and compared pressure from parents, peers, and the self and how these sources are associated with self-perceived gender typicality. Participants (N = 275; 53.09% female; grade 7 M = 12.35 years; grade 9 M = 14.3 years; 71% Anglo-Celtic) were recruited from independent schools in Sydney. Felt pressure from the self to engage in masculine behavior was greater than felt pressure from parents or peers. Male adolescents reported higher felt pressure to conform to gender conforming behavior from parents and the self and pressure to avoid gender nonconforming behavior was greatest from peers. Female adolescents reported felt pressure to conform to gender nonconforming behaviors and this pressure was the strongest from the self. Additionally, for both genders, felt pressure from the self was most consistently associated with gender typicality. These findings highlight the importance of self-expectations for gender cognitions relating to both masculine and feminine behaviors.
对于性别行为的期望被认为来自多个来源，包括父母、同龄人以及自身，但很少有研究直接比较这三个压力源。本研究评估了与男性化和女性化刻板行为相关的感知压力，并比较了来自父母、同龄人以及自身的压力，以及这些压力源与自我感知的性别典型性之间的关系。参与者（N=275；53.09%为女性；7 年级 M=12.35 岁；9 年级 M=14.3 岁；71%为盎格鲁-撒克逊人）是从悉尼的独立学校招募的。与来自父母或同龄人的压力相比，青少年自身对参与男性化行为的感知压力更大。男性青少年报告称，来自父母和自身的压力更大，要求他们符合性别规范行为，而来自同龄人的压力更大，要求他们避免性别非规范行为。女性青少年报告称，自身对符合性别非规范行为的感知压力更大，而这种压力主要来自自身。此外，对于两种性别，自身的感知压力与性别典型性最一致相关。这些发现强调了自我期望对与男性化和女性化行为相关的性别认知的重要性。
