Hooper Lisa M, Lee Sei-Young, Tomek Sara, Jaggers Jeremiah W, Kim Grace, Church Wesley T
University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA.
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
J Youth Adolesc. 2023 May;52(5):931-949. doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01375-y. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
Research has yet to determine how relationships outside of the family system may buffer negative outcomes associated with hopelessness among racial minority youth. In a sample of Black American youth (N = 512; 49% females) and their parents or caregivers, this study used longitudinal growth models to explore whether youth relationships (attachment to peers and attachment to school) moderated the association between caregiver distress (depressive symptoms and traumatic stress), and youth hopelessness. Adolescents' gender was examined to determine if there were gender differences present in these associations. Four linear growth models showed a significant change in levels of hopelessness over time for youth and a significant positive relation between caregiver distress and youth level of hopelessness. Attachment to peers and attachment to school did not equally moderate the relation between caregiver psychological distress and youth hopelessness. The type of caregiver distress had a differential effect on youth hopelessness in the context of the moderation models and based on gender. The type of caregiver distress had a differential effect on youth hopelessness in the context of the moderation models and based on gender. Implications for the importance of non-familial attachments among Black American youth with distressed parents are discussed.
研究尚未确定家庭系统之外的人际关系如何缓冲与少数族裔青少年绝望感相关的负面结果。在一个由美国黑人青少年（N = 512；49%为女性）及其父母或照顾者组成的样本中，本研究使用纵向增长模型来探讨青少年人际关系（对同伴的依恋和对学校的依恋）是否调节了照顾者困扰（抑郁症状和创伤应激）与青少年绝望感之间的关联。研究还考察了青少年的性别，以确定这些关联中是否存在性别差异。四个线性增长模型显示，青少年的绝望感水平随时间有显著变化，且照顾者困扰与青少年绝望感水平之间存在显著正相关。对同伴的依恋和对学校的依恋并没有同等程度地调节照顾者心理困扰与青少年绝望感之间的关系。在调节模型中，照顾者困扰的类型对青少年绝望感有不同影响，且这种影响因性别而异。本文讨论了对于父母处于困扰状态的美国黑人青少年而言非家庭依恋关系的重要性。
