Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Mar 15;211:111905. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111905. Epub 2021 Jan 13.
The constant increase of heavy metals into the aqueous environment has become a contemporary global issue of concern to government authorities and the public. The study assesses the concentration, distribution, and risk assessment of heavy metals in freshwater from the Linggi River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was utilised to calculate the cumulative probability distribution of toxicity from heavy metals. The aquatic organism's toxicity data obtained from the ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX) was used to estimate the predictive non-effects concentration (PNEC). The decreasing sequence of hazardous concentration (HC) was manganese > aluminium > copper > lead > arsenic > cadmium > nickel > zinc > selenium, respectively. The highest heavy metal concentration was iron with a mean value of 45.77 μg L, followed by manganese (14.41 μg L) and aluminium (11.72 μg L). The mean heavy metal pollution index (HPI) value in this study is 11.52, implying low-level heavy metal pollutions in Linggi River. The risk quotient (RQ) approaches were applied to assess the potential risk of heavy metals. The RQ shows a medium risk of aluminium (RQ = 0.1125) and zinc (RQ = 0.1262); a low risk of arsenic (RQ = 0.0122) and manganese (RQ = 0.0687); and a negligible risk of cadmium (RQ = 0.0085), copper (RQ = 0.0054), nickel (RQ = 0.0054), lead (RQ = 0.0016) and selenium (RQ = 0.0012). The output of this study produces comprehensive pollution risk, thus provides insights for the legislators regarding exposure management and mitigation.
重金属不断进入水环境已成为政府和公众关注的当代全球性问题。本研究评估了马来西亚森美兰州林吉河淡水中重金属的浓度、分布和风险评估。物种敏感度分布（SSD）被用来计算重金属毒性的累积概率分布。水生生物的毒性数据来自 ECOTOXicology knowledgebase (ECOTOX)，用于估计预测无效应浓度（PNEC）。有害浓度（HC）的递减顺序分别为锰>铝>铜>铅>砷>镉>镍>锌>硒。重金属浓度最高的是铁，平均值为 45.77μg/L，其次是锰（14.41μg/L）和铝（11.72μg/L）。本研究中重金属污染指数（HPI）的平均值为 11.52，表明林吉河存在低水平重金属污染。风险商（RQ）方法被应用于评估重金属的潜在风险。RQ 显示铝（RQ=0.1125）和锌（RQ=0.1262）具有中等风险；砷（RQ=0.0122）和锰（RQ=0.0687）具有低风险；而镉（RQ=0.0085）、铜（RQ=0.0054）、镍（RQ=0.0054）、铅（RQ=0.0016）和硒（RQ=0.0012）的风险可以忽略不计。本研究的结果产生了全面的污染风险，为立法者提供了有关暴露管理和缓解的见解。
