The influence of tolfenpyrad on fitness, development, and reproduction in parents and offspring of Coccinella septempunctata.

Coccinella septempunctata (ladybird) is one of the foremost natural predators that feed on aphids. Thus, C. septempunctata serves as an effective biological control agent in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. To supplement the activity of biological control agents, IPM programs often incorporate chemical pesticides to bolster crop protection. To evaluate the effects of a potent insecticide, tolfenpyrad, on C. septempunctata, we tested the sublethal effects of tolfenpyrad on all developmental stages of the life cycle of C. septempunctata and its effects on the next generation. For sublethal testing of the parent generation, the LR of tolfenpyrad for C. septempunctata was determined to range from 1.04 to 8.43 g a.i. /hm within a set exposure period, while the hazard quotient (HQ) values were above our threshold value of 2 during the entire observation period. These data indicated a potential toxicity risk from tolfenpyrad exposure. The no observed effect application rates (NOERs) of tolfenpyrad on parents (F) were determined for survival (0.485 g a.i. /hm), developmental time of pupation (0.242 g a.i. /hm), and fecundity (0.485 g a.i. /hm). Application of sublethal doses to unexposed progeny (F) of exposed parents, prolonged the L1 (1st instar of larvae) and L2 (2nd instar of larvae) stage, while the total longevity, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (γ), net reproductive rate (R), and mean generation time (T) were significantly reduced. These results demonstrated the negative influence of sublethal concentrations of tolfenpyrad on C. septempunctata and its persistent effects on subsequent generations.