Gur Lior, Reuveni Moshe, Cohen Yigal, Cadle-Davidson Lance, Kisselstein Breanne, Ovadia Shmuel, Frenkel Omer
Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Katzrin, Israel.
Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Environ Microbiol. 2021 Oct;23(10):6019-6037. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15401. Epub 2021 Feb 1.
Plant pathogens usually originate and diversify in geographical regions where hosts and pathogens co-evolve. Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of grape powdery mildew, is a destructive pathogen of grapevines worldwide. Although Eastern US is considered the centre of origin and diversity of E. necator, previous reports on resistant native wild and domesticated Asian grapevines suggest Asia as another possible origin of the pathogen. By using multi-locus sequencing, microsatellites and a novel application of amplicon sequencing (AmpSeq), we show that the population of E. necator in Israel is composed of three genetic groups: Groups A and B that are common worldwide, and a new group IL, which is genetically differentiated from any known group in Europe and Eastern US. Group IL showed distinguished ecological characteristics: it was dominant on wild and traditional vines (95%); its abundance increased along the season; and was more aggressive than A and B isolates on both wild and domesticated vines. The low genetic diversity within group IL suggests that it has invaded Israel from another origin. Therefore, we suggest that the Israeli E. necator population was founded by at least two invasions, of which one could be from a non-East American source, possibly from Asian origin.
植物病原体通常起源于宿主和病原体共同进化的地理区域，并在这些区域实现多样化。葡萄白粉病的致病因子——葡萄钩丝壳菌，是全球范围内葡萄藤的一种毁灭性病原体。尽管美国东部被认为是葡萄钩丝壳菌的起源和多样性中心，但此前关于亚洲本土野生和驯化葡萄品种抗性的报道表明，亚洲可能是该病原体的另一个起源地。通过使用多位点测序、微卫星以及扩增子测序（AmpSeq）的新应用，我们发现以色列的葡萄钩丝壳菌种群由三个遗传群体组成：全球常见的A组和B组，以及一个新的IL组，该组在基因上与欧洲和美国东部的任何已知群体都有所不同。IL组表现出独特的生态特征：它在野生和传统葡萄藤上占主导地位（95%）；其丰度随季节增加；并且在野生和驯化葡萄藤上比A组和B组分离株更具侵略性。IL组内较低的遗传多样性表明它是从另一个起源地侵入以色列的。因此，我们认为以色列的葡萄钩丝壳菌种群至少由两次入侵形成，其中一次可能来自非美国东部的来源，可能来自亚洲。
