Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; M.A. Aitkhozhin's Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
M.A. Aitkhozhin's Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Autoimmun Rev. 2021 Mar;20(3):102761. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102761. Epub 2021 Jan 18.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells responsible for the regulation of immune responses, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis and providing immune tolerance to both self and non-self-antigens. An increasing number of studies revealed Treg numbers and functions in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Treg deficiency can cause the development of several autoimmune skin diseases including vitiligo, alopecia areata, pemphigoid and pemphigus, psoriasis, and systemic sclerosis. Many clinical trials have been performed for autoimmune conditions using polyclonal Tregs, but efficiency can be significantly improved using antigen-specific Tregs engineered using T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs. In this review, we systematically reviewed altered frequencies, impaired functions, and phenotypic features of Tregs in autoimmune skin conditions. We also summarized new advances in TCR and CAR based antigen-specific Tregs tested both in animal models and in clinics. The advantages and limitations of each approach were carefully discussed emphasizing possible clinical relevance to patients with autoimmune skin diseases. Moreover, we have reviewed potential approaches for engineering antigen-specific Tregs, and strategies for overcoming possible hurdles in clinical applications. Thereby, antigen-specific Tregs can be infused using autologous adoptive cell transfer to restore Treg numbers and to provide local immune tolerance for autoimmune skin disorders.
调节性 T 细胞(Tregs)是 T 细胞的一个亚群,负责调节免疫反应,从而维持免疫稳态,并对自身和非自身抗原提供免疫耐受。越来越多的研究揭示了 Treg 在各种自身免疫性疾病中的数量和功能。Treg 缺乏可导致多种自身免疫性皮肤病的发生,包括白癜风、斑秃、大疱性类天疱疮、天疱疮、银屑病和系统性硬化症。许多针对自身免疫性疾病的临床试验都使用了多克隆 Tregs,但使用 T 细胞受体(TCR)或嵌合抗原受体(CAR)构建体工程化的抗原特异性 Treg 可以显著提高效率。在这篇综述中,我们系统地回顾了自身免疫性皮肤疾病中 Treg 的频率改变、功能障碍和表型特征。我们还总结了 TCR 和 CAR 基于抗原特异性 Treg 的新进展,这些研究在动物模型和临床中都进行了测试。我们仔细讨论了每种方法的优缺点,强调了其对自身免疫性皮肤病患者的可能临床相关性。此外,我们还回顾了工程化抗原特异性 Treg 的潜在方法,以及克服临床应用中可能存在的障碍的策略。因此,可以通过自体过继细胞转移输注抗原特异性 Treg 来恢复 Treg 数量,并为自身免疫性皮肤疾病提供局部免疫耐受。