United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
Vet Parasitol. 2021 Feb;290:109337. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109337. Epub 2020 Dec 17.
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, diagnosis, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in wild canids and other carnivores for the past decade. Seroprevalence estimates of T. gondii worldwide were tabulated for each host. Seroprevalence in wild foxes was very high compared with farmed Arctic foxes. Economic and public health aspects of some of the carnivore species raised for fur and meat (raccoon dogs, mink) are discussed. Diagnostic efficacies of different serological methods and PCR methods are discussed. Clinical toxoplasmosis was observed mainly in carnivores concurrently infected with immunosuppressive Canine Distemper Virus infection. Abortion and blindness were noted in mink. Genetic diversity of isolates using DNA derived from 162 (89 viable T. gondii isolates and 73 DNA extracted from tissues) of wild carnivores from several countries is discussed. However, 69 of the 162 T. gondii isolates were strains from USA and these were genetically diverse with predominance of ToxoDB genotypes #4 and #5 (haplogroup 12). Only limited information is available concerning genotyping of T. gondii isolates from other countries; none of the 93 T. gondii isolates from other countries (Brazil, China, France, Grenada) were haplogroup 12.
弓形虫感染在全球人类和动物中很常见。本综述总结了过去十年全球关于野生犬科动物和其他食肉动物中临床和亚临床感染、流行病学、诊断以及弓形虫遗传多样性的信息。为每个宿主列出了全球弓形虫的血清流行率估计值。与养殖的北极狐相比，野生狐狸的血清流行率非常高。讨论了一些为皮毛和肉类而饲养的食肉物种（浣熊犬、水貂）的经济和公共卫生方面的问题。讨论了不同血清学方法和 PCR 方法的诊断效果。主要观察到同时感染免疫抑制性犬瘟热病毒感染的食肉动物出现临床弓形虫病。水貂出现流产和失明。讨论了来自几个国家的 162 只（89 株活的弓形虫分离株和 73 株从组织中提取的 DNA）野生食肉动物的 DNA 得出的分离株的遗传多样性。然而，162 株弓形虫分离株中有 69 株来自美国，这些分离株具有遗传多样性，主要是 ToxoDB 基因型 #4 和 #5（单倍群 12）。关于来自其他国家的弓形虫分离株的基因分型，只有有限的信息可用；来自其他国家（巴西、中国、法国、格林纳达）的 93 株弓形虫分离株均不属于单倍群 12。
