Antrobus Shane, Pressly Brandon, Nik Atefeh Mousavi, Wulff Heike, Pessah Isaac N
Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Toxicol Sci. 2021 Apr 12;180(2):325-341. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab007.
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (tetramine or TETS), a potent convulsant, triggers abnormal electrical spike activity (ESA) and synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO) patterns in cultured neuronal networks by blocking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors. Murine hippocampal neuronal/glial cocultures develop extensive dendritic connectivity between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs and display two distinct SCO patterns when imaged with the Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4: Low amplitude SCO events (LASE) and High amplitude SCO events (HASE) that are dependent on TTX-sensitive network electrical spike activity (ESA). Acute TETS (3.0 µM) increased overall network SCO amplitude and decreased SCO frequency by stabilizing HASE and suppressing LASE while increasing ESA. In multielectrode arrays, TETS also increased burst frequency and synchronicity. In the presence of TETS (3.0 µM), the clinically used anticonvulsive perampanel (0.1-3.0 µM), a noncompetitive AMPAR antagonist, suppressed all SCO activity, whereas the GABAA receptor potentiator midazolam (1.0-30 µM), the current standard of care, reciprocally suppressed HASE and stabilized LASE. The neuroactive steroid (NAS) allopregnanolone (0.1-3.0 µM) normalized TETS-triggered patterns by selectively suppressing HASE and increasing LASE, a pharmacological pattern distinct from its epimeric form eltanolone, ganaxolone, alphaxolone, and XJ-42, which significantly potentiated TETS-triggered HASE in a biphasic manner. Cortisol failed to mitigate TETS-triggered patterns and at >1 µM augmented them. Combinations of allopregnanolone and midazolam were significantly more effective at normalizing TETS-triggered SCO patterns, ESA patterns, and more potently enhanced GABA-activated Cl- current, than either drug alone.
四亚甲基二砜四胺(毒鼠强或TETS)是一种强效惊厥剂,通过阻断γ-氨基丁酸(GABAA)受体,在培养的神经元网络中引发异常电尖峰活动(ESA)和同步Ca2+振荡(SCO)模式。小鼠海马神经元/胶质细胞共培养物在谷氨酸能和GABA能输入之间形成广泛的树突连接,当用Ca2+指示剂Fluo-4成像时,显示出两种不同的SCO模式:低振幅SCO事件(LASE)和高振幅SCO事件(HASE),它们依赖于TTX敏感的网络电尖峰活动(ESA)。急性毒鼠强(3.0 μM)通过稳定HASE和抑制LASE同时增加ESA,增加了整体网络SCO振幅并降低了SCO频率。在多电极阵列中,毒鼠强还增加了爆发频率和同步性。在毒鼠强(3.0 μM)存在的情况下,临床使用的抗惊厥药物吡仑帕奈(0.1 - 3.0 μM),一种非竞争性AMPA受体拮抗剂,抑制了所有SCO活动,而GABAA受体增强剂咪达唑仑(1.0 - 30 μM),当前的护理标准,则相反地抑制了HASE并稳定了LASE。神经活性类固醇(NAS)别孕烯醇酮(0.1 - 3.0 μM)通过选择性抑制HASE和增加LASE使毒鼠强引发的模式正常化,这是一种与其差向异构体依替诺龙、加奈索龙、阿法沙龙和XJ - 42不同的药理学模式,后者以双相方式显著增强了毒鼠强引发的HASE。皮质醇未能减轻毒鼠强引发的模式,且在>1 μM时增强了这些模式。别孕烯醇酮和咪达唑仑的组合在使毒鼠强引发的SCO模式、ESA模式正常化以及更有效地增强GABA激活的Cl-电流方面,比单独使用任何一种药物都显著更有效。