Novel F-Labeled Isonicotinamide-Based Radioligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, is involved in several human pathologies including Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cancer. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of GSK-3β could aid in investigating GSK-3β levels under normal and pathological conditions. In this study, we designed and synthesized fluorinated PET radioligands starting with recently identified isonicotinamide derivatives that showed potent affinity to GSK-3β. After extensive inhibitory activity assays and analyzing U87 cell uptake, we identified [F] as potential tracers with good specificity and high affinity. They were then subjected to further evaluation in rodent brain comprising PET imaging and metabolism studies. The radioligands [F] penetrated the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in GSK-3β-rich regions, including amygdala, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Also, it could be specifically blocked using the corresponding standard compounds. With these results, this work sets the basis for further development of novel F-labeled GSK-3β PET probes.