Innominate Artery Ligation: A History From Mott to Matas.

Innominate artery ligation emerged in the 19th century as an early operation for right subclavian aneurysm. Clinical outcomes were often dire, but undeterred surgeons believed that ligation represented an opportunity that outweighed the risks of nonoperative aneurysm management. Valentine Mott of New York performed the procedure in 1818; his patient died 26 days later. Variations on Mott's approach were undertaken 13 more times from 1822 to 1861 by surgeons in the United States and abroad, all of which proved fatal. Andrew Woods Smyth of New Orleans was the first to successfully control a subclavian artery aneurysm with innominate ligation in 1864. The Charity Hospital house surgeon used a series of ligations on the innominate, common carotid, vertebral, and internal mammary arteries to prevent collateral and recurrent blood flow to the aneurysmal sac. These physiologically-oriented operations kept Smyth's patient alive and functional for ten years. New Orleans became an internationally-recognized hub for advancements in aneurysm surgery. One of Smyth's students, Rudolph Matas, went on to revolutionize vascular surgery. Along his path to becoming the Father of modern vascular surgery, Matas documented his own performance of Smyth's operation at Charity 4 times over the course of his career. Although later supplanted by primary vascular anastomosis and grafting, the first successful innominate ligation was a collaborative effort between New York and New Orleans that served as a foundation for the development of modern aneurysm repair.