The roles of the individual and organizations in the ethical decision-making process.

The roles of various organizations in ethical decision making are considered. Such organizations include local and national ethical committees, professional organizations, religious organizations and governments, and their respective strengths and limitations are discussed in turn. The practising individual scientist or doctor must decide where he or she stands on specific issues, and how he or she will work within the framework established by such organizations. The role of the individual in introducing new concepts or studies under these circumstances is discussed.