Synergistic Modulation of Carbon-Based, Precious-Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Developing alternatives to noble-metal-based catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process plays a key role in the application of low-temperature fuel cells. Carbon-based, precious-metal-free electrocatalysts are of great interest due to their low cost, abundant sources, active catalytic performance, and long-term stability. They are also supposed to feature intrinsically high activity and highly dense catalytic sites along with their sufficient exposure, high conductivity, and high chemical stability, as well as effective mass transfer pathways. In this Review, we focus on carbon-based, precious-metal-free nanocatalysts with synergistic modulation of active-site species and their exposure, mass transfer, and charge transport during the electrochemical process. With this knowledge, perspectives on synergistic modulation strategies are proposed to push forward the development of Pt-free ORR catalysts and the wide application of fuel cells.