Institute of Virology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
Viruses. 2021 Jan 26;13(2):179. doi: 10.3390/v13020179.
Cellular restriction factors (RFs) act as important constitutive innate immune barriers against viruses. In 2006, the promyelocytic leukemia protein was described as the first RF against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection which is antagonized by the viral immediate early protein IE1. Since then, at least 15 additional RFs against HCMV have been identified, including the chromatin regulatory protein SPOC1, the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A and the dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1. These RFs affect distinct steps of the viral replication cycle such as viral entry, gene expression, the synthesis of progeny DNA or egress. This review summarizes our current knowledge on intrinsic immune mechanisms restricting HCMV replication as well as on the viral strategies to counteract the inhibitory effects of RFs. Detailed knowledge on the interplay between host RFs and antagonizing viral factors will be fundamental to develop new approaches to combat HCMV infection.
细胞限制因子（RFs）作为重要的固有免疫屏障，对抗病毒感染。2006 年，早幼粒细胞白血病蛋白被描述为第一种针对人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染的 RF，该病毒被病毒即刻早期蛋白 IE1 拮抗。此后，至少又有 15 种针对 HCMV 的 RF 被鉴定出来，包括染色质调节蛋白 SPOC1、胞嘧啶脱氨酶 APOBEC3A 和 dNTP 三磷酸水解酶 SAMHD1。这些 RF 影响病毒复制周期的不同步骤，如病毒进入、基因表达、子代 DNA 的合成或出芽。本文综述了我们目前对固有免疫机制限制 HCMV 复制以及病毒对抗 RF 抑制作用的策略的认识。宿主 RFs 和拮抗病毒因子之间相互作用的详细知识对于开发新的方法来对抗 HCMV 感染至关重要。
