Internalization of Fluoride in Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a cost-effective material to remove excess levels of fluoride from water. Historically, HAP has been considered a fluoride adsorbent in the environmental engineering community. This paper substantiates an uptake paradigm that has recently gained disparate support: assimilation of fluoride to bulk apatite lattice sites in addition to surface lattice sites. Pellets of HAP nanoparticles (NPs) were packed into a fixed-bed media filter to treat solutions containing 30 mg-F/L (1.58 mM) at pH 8, yielding an uptake of 15.97 ± 0.03 mg-F/g-HAP after 864 h. Solid-state F and C magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that all removed fluoride is apatitic. A transmission electron microscopy analysis of particle size distribution, morphology, and crystal habit resulted in the development of a model to quantify adsorption and total fluoride capacity. Low- and high-estimate median adsorption capacities were 2.40 and 6.90 mg-F/g-HAP, respectively. Discrepancies between experimental uptake and adsorption capacity indicate the range of F that internalizes to satisfy conservation of mass. The model was developed to demonstrate that F internalization in HAP NPs occurs under environmentally relevant conditions and as a tool to understand the extent of F internalization in HAP NPs of any kind.