Chronic Syndesmotic Injuries: Arthrodesis versus Reconstruction.

"Chronic syndesmotic injury covers a broad range of symptoms and pathologies. Anterolateral ankle impingement without instability is treated by arthroscopic debridement. Subacute, unstable, syndesmotic injuries are treated by arthroscopic or open debridement followed by secondary stabilization using suture button device or permanent screw placement. Chronic syndesmotic instability is treated by a near-anatomic ligamentoplasty supplemented by screw fixation. In case of poor bone stock, failed ligament reconstruction, or comorbidities, tibiofibular fusion with bone grafting is preferred. Malleolar malunions and particularly anterior or posterior syndesmotic avulsions must be corrected in order to achieve a stable and congruent ankle mortise."