Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; email:
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2021 Feb 10;83:429-450. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031620-091656.
Renal sympathetic (efferent) nerves play an important role in the regulation of renal function, including glomerular filtration, sodium reabsorption, and renin release. The kidney is also innervated by sensory (afferent) nerves that relay information to the brain to modulate sympathetic outflow. Hypertension and other cardiometabolic diseases are linked to overactivity of renal sympathetic and sensory nerves, but our mechanistic understanding of these relationships is limited. Clinical trials of catheter-based renal nerve ablation to treat hypertension have yielded promising results. Therefore, a greater understanding of how renal nerves control the kidney under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the anatomy of efferent and afferent renal nerves and their functions in normal and pathophysiological conditions. We also suggest further avenues of research for development of novel therapies targeting the renal nerves.
肾交感（传出）神经在调节肾功能方面发挥着重要作用，包括肾小球滤过、钠重吸收和肾素释放。肾脏还受到感觉（传入）神经的支配，这些神经将信息传递到大脑，以调节交感神经输出。高血压和其他心血管代谢疾病与肾交感和感觉神经的过度活跃有关，但我们对这些关系的机制理解有限。导管相关的肾神经消融术治疗高血压的临床试验取得了有希望的结果。因此，需要更深入地了解肾神经在生理和病理生理条件下如何控制肾脏。在这篇综述中，我们概述了传出和传入肾神经的解剖结构及其在正常和病理生理条件下的功能的现有知识。我们还提出了进一步研究的途径，以开发针对肾神经的新型治疗方法。
