Wongkasem Nantakan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2021 Apr 3;40(2):236-253. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1874976. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
Electromagnetic radiation from communication and electronic devices, networks, systems and base stations has drawn concern due to excessive global usage with increasing power and operating frequency level. Numerous previous researches only focus on how the radiation from certain frequency ranges of particular devices could harm specific human organs and tissues, resulting in distinct symptoms. In this research, electromagnetic propagation and properties in 14 human organs and tissues were analyzed and investigated based on the organs and tissues' electromagnetic and mechanical parameters, and chemical composition. Counting the organs and tissues as electromagnetic materials, their permittivity and conductivity, computed by a 4-Cole-Cole mode, directly respective to the operating frequency, are interrelated to wave behavior and hence influence the organs' response. Tests were conducted in 1 GHz to 105 GHz system settings, covering most microwave frequency uses: 2.4 GHz of 4G-LTE, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee and the 5G ranges: 28 GHz of 5G-mmW and 95 GHz of 5G-IoT. Trial human organs and tissues were placed in the wave propagation direction of 2.4 GHz and 28 GHz dipole antennas, and a waveguide port operating from 95 to 105 GHz. The quantitative data on the effects of 5G penetration and dissipation within human tissues are presented. The absorbance in all organs and tissues is significantly higher as frequency increases. As the wave enters the organ-tissue model, the wavelength is shortened due to the high organ-tissue permittivity. Skin-Bone-Brain layer simulation results demonstrate that both electric and magnetic fields vanish before passing the brain layer at all three focal frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 28 GHz and 100 GHz.
由于通信和电子设备、网络、系统及基站的电磁辐射在全球范围内使用量不断增加,功率和工作频率不断提高,已引起人们的关注。此前众多研究仅关注特定设备某些频率范围内的辐射如何损害特定人体器官和组织,导致不同症状。在本研究中,基于人体器官和组织的电磁、力学参数以及化学成分,对14种人体器官和组织中的电磁传播及特性进行了分析和研究。将这些器官和组织视为电磁材料,通过四Cole-Cole模型计算得出的它们的介电常数和电导率与工作频率直接相关,与波的行为相互关联,从而影响器官的反应。测试在1吉赫兹至105吉赫兹的系统设置下进行,涵盖了大多数微波频率用途:4G-LTE的2.4吉赫兹、Wi-Fi、蓝牙、ZigBee以及5G频段:5G毫米波的28吉赫兹和5G物联网的95吉赫兹。将人体试验器官和组织置于2.4吉赫兹和28吉赫兹偶极天线以及95至105吉赫兹的波导端口的波传播方向上。给出了5G在人体组织中的穿透和耗散效应的定量数据。随着频率增加,所有器官和组织中的吸收率显著提高。当波进入器官-组织模型时,由于器官-组织的高介电常数,波长会缩短。皮肤-骨骼-大脑层模拟结果表明,在2.4吉赫兹、28吉赫兹和100吉赫兹这三个聚焦频率下,电场和磁场在穿过大脑层之前均会消失。
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