Abdalla Shima E, Abia Akebe Luther King, Amoako Daniel G, Perrett Keith, Bester Linda A, Essack Sabiha Y
Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Feb 10;10(2):178. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10020178.
Antibiotic resistance profiles of were investigated in an intensive pig production system in the uMgungundlovu District, South Africa, using the 'farm-to-fork' approach. Four hundred seventeen (417) samples were collected from pig and pig products at different points (farm, transport, and abattoir). was isolated and enumerated using the Colilert 18/Quanti-Tray 2000 system. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and putatively identified on eosin methylene blue agar. Real-time PCR targeting the A gene was used to confirm isolates to the genus level. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility profiles against 20 antibiotics. A total of 1044 confirmed isolates were obtained across the three critical points in the food chain. Resistance was observed to all the antibiotics tested with the highest and lowest rates obtained against tetracycline (88.5%) and meropenem (0.2%), respectively. Resistance was also observed to chloramphenicol (71.4%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.8%), cephalexin (34.3%), azithromycin (23.9%), nalidixic acid (22.1%), cefoxitin (21.1%), ceftriaxone (18.9%), ciprofloxacin (17.3%), cefotaxime (16.9%), gentamicin (15.5%), cefepime (13.8%), ceftazidime (9.8%), amikacin (3.4%), piperacillin-tazobactam (1.2%), tigecycline (0.9%), and imipenem (0.3%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 71.2% of the resistant isolates with an overall multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.25, indicating exposure to high antibiotic use environments at the farm level. A high percentage of resistance was observed to growth promoters and antibiotics approved for veterinary medicine in South Africa. Of concern was resistance to critically important antibiotics for animal and human use and the watch and reserve categories of antibiotics. This could have adverse animal and human health consequences from a food safety perspective, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship and guidelines to streamline antibiotic use in the food-animal production chain.
在南非乌姆贡德洛武区的一个集约化养猪生产系统中，采用“从农场到餐桌”的方法对[具体细菌名称未给出]的抗生素耐药性进行了调查。从猪和猪产品的不同环节（农场、运输和屠宰场）采集了417份样本。使用Colilert 18/Quanti-Tray 2000系统分离并计数[具体细菌名称未给出]。从每个定量盘随机选取10个分离株，并在伊红美蓝琼脂上进行初步鉴定。使用靶向A基因的实时荧光定量PCR将分离株鉴定到属水平。采用 Kirby-Bauer 纸片扩散法测定分离株对20种抗生素的药敏谱。在食物链的三个关键点共获得1044株经确认的[具体细菌名称未给出]分离株。对所有测试抗生素均观察到耐药性，对四环素（88.5%）和美罗培南（0.2%）的耐药率最高和最低。对氯霉素（71.4%）、氨苄西林（71.1%）、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑（61.3%）、阿莫西林-克拉维酸（43.8%）、头孢氨苄（34.3%）、阿奇霉素（23.9%）、萘啶酸（22.1%）、头孢西丁（21.1%）、头孢曲松（18.9%）、环丙沙星（17.3%）、头孢噻肟（16.9%）、庆大霉素（15.5%）、头孢吡肟（13.8%）、头孢他啶（9.8%）、阿米卡星（3.4%）、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦（1.2%）、替加环素（0.9%）和亚胺培南（0.3%）也观察到耐药性。在71.2%的耐药分离株中观察到多重耐药（MDR），总体多重抗生素耐药（MAR）指数为0.25，表明在农场层面接触到高抗生素使用环境。对南非批准用于兽药的生长促进剂和抗生素观察到高比例的耐药性。令人担忧的是对动物和人类使用的关键重要抗生素以及抗生素的观察和储备类别存在耐药性。从食品安全角度来看，这可能对动物和人类健康产生不利影响，因此需要有效的抗生素管理和指南来规范食品动物生产链中的抗生素使用。
