Spatial occurrence and composition profile of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in farmland soils from different regions of China: Implications for human exposure.

The environmental load of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants has caused a series of problems due to their extensive use. The soil matrix, as an ultimate sink for organic pollution, plays a vital part in the fate of OPEs in the environment. In this study, the spatial occurrence, composition profile and health risk of 13 OPE species in farmland soils from four provinces of China were characterized. Excluding tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP) and ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), the remaining eleven OPEs had a high detection frequency (DF) ranging from 60% to 100%. The range of total OPE (ΣOPE) concentrations were 62.3-394 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a median of 228 ng/g dw. Among these OPEs, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with a median of 143 ng/g dw) was the predominant species, followed by tricresyl phosphate (TCP; median of 20.1 ng/g dw) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP; median of 17.9 ng/g dw). In terms of geographical distribution, significantly lower OPEs levels were found in samples from Heilongjiang (159 ± 47.0 ng/g dw) than in those of Guangxi (264 ± 66.0 ng/g dw), Henan (252 ± 74.5 ng/g dw) and Hubei (242 ± 52.8 ng/g dw) provinces. Principal component analysis and Spearman's correlations were used to reveal potential sources of OPEs in the different provincial regions. Health risk exposure to OPEs in farmland soils was at an acceptable level (<1.20 × 10 for non-carcinogenic risk to children as the most sensitive age group; and <6.47 × 10 for carcinogenic risk to adults as the most sensitive age group) at the present detected concentrations. However, TCEP and TEHP, the predominant risk contributors, should be paid more attention.