Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and hydroxychloroquine in the COVID-19 era: a mini review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is until today a global health emergency. In an immense effort, effective drugs against COVID-19 are searched and intensive researches on possible repurposing of antiviral agents are performed. Since chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown in vitro anti- COVID-19 activities, the potential effect of CQ/HCQ to treat and/or prevent COVID-19 infection has caused global attention. However, concern regarding possible hemolysis in G6PD-deficient COVID-19 patients exists and for this reason, the association between HCQ and G6PD deficiency (G6PDD) is back in the limelight. This study aims to answer the question raised by Mastroianni et al. "Hydroxychloroquine: Culprit or Innocent Bystander in G6PD-Deficient Patients with COVID-19?", reporting all cases of HCQ in G6PD deficient COVID-19 patients published on PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), in addition to the Mastroianni's patient. In our opinion, after an accurate revision of these cases and responding the question raised by Mastroianni et al., we believe that it is difficult to reach a final verdict about the definitive role of HCQ in these patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has reopened attention on HCQ use and G6PDD. G6PD status is extremely important in modulating the level of reactive oxygen species and many cellular immune responses such as enhanced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammasome activation. Since these processes are involved in COVID-19 infection, acute hemolytic anemia, a severe complication of the G6PDD, can occur in these patients. In this context, the role of HCQ, usually effective, safe, and well tolerated in G6PD deficient patients, must be redefined in these patients with COVID-19.As consequence, answering the question: "Hydroxychloroquine: Culprit or Innocent Bystander in G6PD-Deficient Patients with COVID-19?", we state that it is risky to believe that HCQ may be an "innocent bystander" in G6PD-deficient COVID-19 patients.