Ang Zhi Zhong, Laxmi Shoba, León Félix, Kooij Josephine E M, García Felipe, England Jason
Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371.
Inorg Chem. 2021 Mar 15;60(6):3556-3564. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02429. Epub 2021 Feb 25.
The conjugate acids of 1,2,3-triazolylidene mesoionic carbenes can be prepared in a straightforward fashion by alkylation of 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. However, this becomes a much more challenging proposition when other nucleophilic centers are present, which has curtailed the development of ligands containing multiple 1,2,3-triazolylidene donors. Herein, methylation of a series of tris[(1-aryl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amines possessing both electron-rich and electron-deficient aromatic substituents, using MeOBF, is shown to proceed with much higher chemoselectivity under mechanochemical conditions than when conducted in solution. This provides a means to reliably access a series of tricationic tris[4-(1,2,3-triazolium)methyl]amines in good yields. DFT calculations suggest that a potential reason for this change in regioselectivity is the difference between the background dielectric of the DCM solution versus the solid state, which is predicted to have a large effect on the relative thermodynamic driving force for alkylation of the tertiary amine center versus the triazole rings. Homoleptic silver complexes of the triazolylidene ligands derived therefrom, of formulas Ag(-) (X = BF, TfO), have been isolated and fully characterized. In the case of the ligand bearing the smallest aryl substituents, , argentophilic interactions yield a triangular Ag core. The Ag(-) silver salts are viable agents for transmetalation to other transition metals, demonstrated here for cobalt. In the case of , the complex Co()(NCMe) was obtained. Therein, the bulky mesityl substituents enforce a tetrahedral geometry, in which only the triazolylidene donors of coordinate (i.e., it acts as a tridentate ligand). Transmetalation of the less sterically encumbered ligand yields six-coordinate cobalt(III) complexes, Co()(Cl)(NCMe) and Co()(NCMe), in which the ligand coordinates in a tetradentate fashion. These are the first examples of tris(1,2,3-triazolylidene) ligands containing an additional coordinating heteroatom and, more generally, of tetradentate 1,2,3-triazolylidene ligands. Crucially, we believe that the divergent chemoselectivity under mechanochemical conditions (vs conventional solution-based chemistry) demonstrated herein offers a pathway by which other challenging synthetic targets, including further multidentate carbene ligands, can be prepared in superior yields.
1,2,3 - 三唑亚基中氮茚卡宾的共轭酸可通过1 - 取代的1,2,3 - 三唑的烷基化以直接的方式制备。然而,当存在其他亲核中心时,这一过程变得更具挑战性,这限制了含多个1,2,3 - 三唑亚基供体的配体的发展。在此,使用MeOBF对一系列同时具有富电子和缺电子芳基取代基的三[(1 - 芳基 - 1,2,3 - 三唑 - 4 - 基)甲基]胺进行甲基化反应,结果表明,与在溶液中进行反应相比,在机械化学条件下该反应具有更高的化学选择性。这提供了一种可靠地以良好产率获得一系列三阳离子三[4 - (1,2,3 - 三唑鎓)甲基]胺的方法。密度泛函理论计算表明,区域选择性发生这种变化的一个潜在原因是二氯甲烷溶液与固态的背景介电常数之间的差异,预计这对叔胺中心与三唑环烷基化的相对热力学驱动力有很大影响。由此衍生的三唑亚基配体的同配银配合物,其化学式为Ag( - )(X = BF,TfO),已被分离并完全表征。对于带有最小芳基取代基的配体,亲银相互作用产生一个三角形的银核。Ag( - )银盐是用于向其他过渡金属进行金属转移反应的可行试剂,本文以钴为例进行了证明。对于 ,得到了配合物Co( )(NCMe)。其中,庞大的均三甲苯基取代基形成一个四面体几何结构,其中只有 的三唑亚基供体配位(即它作为三齿配体起作用)。空间位阻较小的配体 的金属转移反应产生六配位的钴(III)配合物Co( )(Cl)(NCMe)和Co( )(NCMe),其中配体以四齿方式配位。这些是含有额外配位杂原子的三(1,2,3 - 三唑亚基)配体的首个实例,更一般地说,是四齿1,2,3 - 三唑亚基配体的首个实例。至关重要的是,我们认为本文所展示的机械化学条件下(与传统的基于溶液的化学方法相比)不同的化学选择性提供了一条途径,通过该途径可以以更高的产率制备其他具有挑战性的合成目标,包括更多的多齿卡宾配体。