Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
BK21 FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health System, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021 Mar;45(3):548-560. doi: 10.1111/acer.14551. Epub 2021 Feb 26.
Hypertension is a common disease found in 1.13 billion adults worldwide. Several animal studies have provided evidence of the joint effect of alcohol drinking and cadmium exposure on hypertension. However, no epidemiologic study has examined the association between these 2 risk factors and hypertension. Therefore, we examined the individual effects of alcohol drinking and cadmium and the joint effect of their coexposure on hypertension in the general population.
We analyzed data from 8,403 South Korean adults who had been randomly assigned to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2013. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association of alcohol drinking and blood cadmium concentration with blood pressure and the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension.
The weighted prevalence of hypertension and high-risk drinking was 25.7 and 13.6%, respectively. The weighted geometric mean of blood cadmium levels was 0.94 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 to 0.96). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, health-related behaviors, and dietary and disease variables, the OR for hypertension in the group with the high-risk alcohol drinking was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.34 to 2.06) compared with the group without high-risk alcohol drinking. When the highest and the lowest blood cadmium quartiles were compared, the OR for hypertension was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.15 to 1.86). The positive joint effect of high-risk drinking and blood cadmium levels was statistically significant for systolic blood pressure (SBP; p = 0.037) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; p < 0.001).
Our results show that heavy alcohol drinking had a joint effect with cadmium exposure to increase the risk of hypertension. Future efforts are needed to reduce alcohol drinking and environmental cadmium exposure to prevent hypertension in the general population.
高血压是一种在全球范围内影响 11.3 亿成年人的常见疾病。几项动物研究为酒精摄入和镉暴露对高血压的联合作用提供了证据。然而，没有流行病学研究检查过这两个危险因素与高血压之间的关联。因此，我们研究了普通人群中饮酒和镉的个体作用以及它们共同暴露对高血压的联合作用。
我们分析了 2008 年至 2013 年期间被随机分配到韩国国家健康和营养检查调查中的 8403 名韩国成年人的数据。采用多元线性和逻辑回归分析来估计饮酒和血液镉浓度与血压的关系，以及高血压的比值比（OR）。
高血压和高危饮酒的加权患病率分别为 25.7%和 13.6%。血液镉水平的加权几何平均值为 0.94μg/L（95%置信区间[CI]：0.93 至 0.96）。在调整了人口统计学特征、人体测量学测量值、与健康相关的行为以及饮食和疾病变量后，与无高危饮酒组相比，高危饮酒组的高血压 OR 为 1.67（95%CI：1.34 至 2.06）。与最低四分位数相比，最高四分位数的高血压 OR 为 1.46（95%CI：1.15 至 1.86）。高危饮酒和血液镉水平的阳性联合作用对收缩压（SBP；p=0.037）和舒张压（DBP；p<0.001）具有统计学意义。
我们的结果表明，大量饮酒与镉暴露有协同作用，增加了患高血压的风险。未来需要努力减少饮酒和环境镉暴露，以预防普通人群的高血压。
