Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 1;776:145190. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145190. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
Nature visitation is important, both culturally and economically. Given the contribution of nature recreation to multiple societal goals, comprehending determinants of nature visitation is essential to understand the drivers associated with the popularity of nature areas, for example, to inform land-use planning or site management strategies to maximise benefits. Understanding the factors related to nature, tourism and recreation can support the management of nature areas and thereby, also conservation efforts and biodiversity protection. This study applied a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) to quantify the spatially varying influence of different factors associated with nature visitation in Europe and North America. Results indicated that some explanatory variables were stationary for all sites (age 15 to 65, population density (within 25 km), GDP, area, built-up areas, plateaus, and mountains). In contrast, others exhibited significant spatial non-stationarity (locally variable): needle-leaf trees (conifers), trails, travel time, roads, and Red List birds and amphibians. Needle-leaf trees and travel time were found to be negatively significant in Europe. Roads were found to have a significant positive effect in North America. Trails and Red List bird species were found to have a positive effect in both North America and North Europe, with a greater effect in Europe. Red List amphibians was the only spatially variable predictor to have both a positive and negative impact, with selected sites in North America and northern Europe being positive, whereas Iceland and central and southern Europe were negative. The scale of the response-predictor relationship (bandwidth) of these locally variable predictors was smallest for Red List amphibians at 1033 km, with all other spatially variable predictors between 9558 and 12,285 km. The study demonstrates the contribution that MGWR, a spatially explicit model, can make to support a deeper understanding of processes associated with nature visitation in different geographic contexts.
自然体验具有重要的文化和经济意义。鉴于自然游憩对多个社会目标的贡献，理解自然体验的决定因素对于理解与自然区受欢迎程度相关的驱动因素至关重要，例如，为土地利用规划或场地管理策略提供信息，以最大限度地发挥效益。了解与自然、旅游和休闲相关的因素可以支持自然区的管理，从而也支持保护努力和生物多样性保护。本研究应用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）来量化与欧洲和北美的自然体验相关的不同因素的空间变化影响。结果表明，一些解释变量对所有地点都是固定的（15 至 65 岁，人口密度（25 公里以内），国内生产总值，面积，建成区，高原和山脉）。相比之下，其他变量表现出显著的空间非平稳性（局部变化）：针叶树（针叶树）、小径、旅行时间、道路以及红名单鸟类和两栖动物。在欧洲，发现针叶树和旅行时间具有负显著影响。在北美洲，发现道路具有显著的正效应。在北美洲和北欧发现小径和红名单鸟类都有积极的影响，而在欧洲的影响更大。红名单两栖动物是唯一具有正负面影响的空间变量预测因子，在北美洲和北欧的一些选定地点为正，而冰岛和欧洲中部和南部为负。这些局部变量预测因子的响应-预测因子关系（带宽）的尺度在红名单两栖动物处最小，为 1033 公里，所有其他空间变量预测因子的尺度在 9558 到 12285 公里之间。该研究表明，MGWR（一种空间显式模型）可以为在不同地理背景下支持对与自然体验相关的过程的更深入理解做出贡献。
