DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India.
DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India.
Food Res Int. 2021 Feb;140:110055. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110055. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
Bacterial and fungal communities in kinema, a naturally fermented soybean food of the Eastern Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan were profiled by high-throughout sequence analysis. Firmicutes (78.4%) was the most abundant phylum in kinema, followed by Proteobacteria (14.76%) and other phyla. Twenty seven species of Bacillus were detected, among which Bacillus subtilis (28.70%) was the most abundant bacterium, followed by B. licheniformis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. cereus, Ignatzschineria larvae, Corynebacterium casei, B. sonorensis, Proteus vulgaris, Brevibacillus borstelensis, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Lactobacillus fermentum and Ignatzschineria indica. Ascomycota was the most abundant fungal phylum in kinema. Wallemia canadensis, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Exobasidium spp., Arthrocladium spp., Aspergillus penicillioides, Mortierella spp., Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor circinelloides, were major moulds, and Pichia sporocuriosa, Trichosporon spp., Saccharomycopsis malanga and Rhodotorula cycloclastica were abundant yeasts in kinema. We detected 277 species of bacteria among which, 99.09% were culturable and 0.91% were unculturable; and 80 fungal species among which, 33.72% were culturable and 66.28% were unculturable. Several unique bacterial genera to each country were observed, whereas no unique fungal genus was observed in kinema. Maximum coverage of sequencing depth was observed in all samples. Based on PCA plot, close relation was observed between samples of India and Nepal, whereas samples of Bhutan was clearly distinctive. Predictive functional features of bacterial and fungi related to metabolisms were inferred by the KEGG Orthology and MetaCyc databases, respectively.
高通量测序分析了印度、尼泊尔和不丹东部喜玛拉雅地区自然发酵大豆食品 Kinema 中的细菌和真菌群落。厚壁菌门（78.4%）是 Kinema 中最丰富的门，其次是变形菌门（14.76%）和其他门。检测到 27 种芽孢杆菌，其中枯草芽孢杆菌（28.70%）是最丰富的细菌，其次是地衣芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、幼虫 Ignatzschineria、乳酪杆菌、芽孢杆菌 sonorensis、普通变形杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、普通高温放线菌、发酵乳杆菌和印度 Ignatzschineria。子囊菌门是 Kinema 中最丰富的真菌门。坎迪瓦氏木霉、青霉属、曲霉属、外瓶霉属、节菱孢属、节丛孢属、产黄青霉、莫拉氏菌属、根霉属和卷枝毛霉是主要的霉菌，毕赤酵母、假丝酵母属、少根根霉和环状红酵母是 Kinema 中丰富的酵母。在 277 种细菌中，99.09%是可培养的，0.91%是不可培养的；在 80 种真菌中，33.72%是可培养的，66.28%是不可培养的。观察到每个国家都有一些独特的细菌属，而 Kinema 中没有独特的真菌属。所有样本的测序深度最大覆盖率。基于 PCA 图，印度和尼泊尔的样本之间观察到密切关系，而不丹的样本则明显不同。通过 KEGG Orthology 和 MetaCyc 数据库分别推断了与代谢相关的细菌和真菌的预测功能特征。
