College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 May 1;276:116690. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116690. Epub 2021 Feb 9.
The presence of phenols, such as nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol (BPA), and octylphenol (OP), in the environment have been receiving increased attention due to their potential risks to human health and environment. The use of reclaimed water for irrigation may be one of the sources of these phenols in the agricultural system. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on phenol contamination of agricultural topsoil and products in the North China Plain between 2015 and 2016. Three irrigation treatments were applied to all crops: reclaimed water irrigation, groundwater irrigation and alternative irrigation with reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results showed that the concentrations of NP, BPA, and OP in the topsoil were 0.02-0.54, 0.004-0.06, and ND-9.9 × 10 mg/kg, respectively; the corresponding values in agricultural products were 0.007-0.70, 0.004-0.24, and ND-1.08 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of NP in the topsoil and agricultural products and that of BPA in the agricultural products were all less than the recommended limits. The yields of wheat, maize, vegetables were 4.35-7.08, 1.03-6.46, and 10.9-67.0 t/ha, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of OP, NP, and BPA for cereals were 0.7-4.77, 0.16-4.59, and 1.3-23.9, respectively; the corresponding values in vegetables were 0.0-4.53 (except cucumber and eggplant), 0.38-12.6, and 0.57-24.3, respectively. No significant differences in phenol concentrations, BCFs, or yields of wheat and vegetables were observed among the three irrigation treatments. In conclusion, compared with groundwater irrigation, reclaimed water irrigation in this experiment did not significantly affect phenol concentrations in the topsoil and agricultural products as well as BCFs and yields of wheat and vegetables. However, because the quality of reclaimed water may vary across collected areas, additional experiments are warranted to analyze the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on the risk of phenol contamination.
环境中存在的酚类物质，如壬基酚（NP）、双酚 A（BPA）和辛基酚（OP），由于其对人类健康和环境的潜在风险，受到了越来越多的关注。再生水用于灌溉可能是农业系统中这些酚类物质的来源之一。本研究于 2015 年至 2016 年在中国华北平原进行了田间试验，以评估再生水灌溉对农业表层土壤和农产品中酚类污染的影响。所有作物均采用三种灌溉处理：再生水灌溉、地下水灌溉和替代灌溉（再生水和地下水按 1:1 的体积比混合）。结果表明，表层土壤中 NP、BPA 和 OP 的浓度分别为 0.02-0.54、0.004-0.06 和 ND-9.9×10mg/kg，相应的农产品中浓度分别为 0.007-0.70、0.004-0.24 和 ND-1.08mg/kg。表层土壤和农产品中 NP 的浓度以及农产品中 BPA 的浓度均低于推荐限值。小麦、玉米和蔬菜的产量分别为 4.35-7.08、1.03-6.46 和 10.9-67.0t/ha。作物中 OP、NP 和 BPA 的生物积累因子（BCF）分别为 0.7-4.77、0.16-4.59 和 1.3-23.9，蔬菜中分别为 0.0-4.53（除黄瓜和茄子外）、0.38-12.6 和 0.57-24.3。三种灌溉处理对小麦和蔬菜中酚类物质浓度、BCF 或产量均无显著影响。总之，与地下水灌溉相比，本实验中再生水灌溉对表层土壤和农产品中酚类物质浓度以及小麦和蔬菜的 BCF 和产量没有显著影响。然而，由于再生水的质量可能因收集区域而异，需要进行更多的实验来分析再生水灌溉对酚类污染风险的影响。
