Endocranial morphology of the piciformes (Aves, Coraciimorphae): Functional and ecological implications.

We used three-dimensional digital models to investigate the brain and endosseous labyrinth morphology of selected Neotropical Piciformes (Picidae, Ramphastidae, Galbulidae and Bucconidae). Remarkably, the brain morphology of Galbulidae clearly separates from species of other families. The eminentiae sagittales of Galbulidae and Bucconidae (insectivorous with high aerial maneuverability abilities) are smaller than those of the toucans (scansorial frugivores). Galbula showed the proportionally largest cerebellum, and Ramphastidae showed the least foliated one. Optic lobes ratio relative to the telencephalic hemispheres showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) insectivorous taxa that need precise and fast movements to catch their prey, have well developed eminentiae sagittales compared to fruit eaters, (b) species that require high beak control would show larger cerebellum compared to other brain regions and higher number of visible folia and (c) there are marked differences between the brain shape of the four families studied here that bring valuable information of this interesting bird group. Hypotheses H1 and H2 are rejected, meanwhile H3 is accepted.